{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T15:05:13Z","timestamp":1775142313967,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA20NOS4190036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA20NOS4190036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Indiana Department of Natural Resources Lake Michigan Coastal Program","award":["NA18OAR4170082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA18OAR4170082"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper develops and validates a new fully automated procedure for shoreline delineation from high-resolution multispectral satellite images. The model is based on a new water\u2013land index, the Direct Difference Water Index (DDWI). A new technique based on the buffer overlay method is also presented to determine the shoreline changes from different satellite images and obtain a time series for the shoreline changes. The shoreline detection model was applied to imagery from multiple satellites and validated to have sub-pixel accuracy using beach survey data that were collected from the Lake Michigan (USA) shoreline using a novel backpack-based LiDAR system. The model was also applied to 132 satellite images of a Lake Michigan beach over a three-year period and detected the shoreline accurately, with a &gt;99% success rate. The model out-performed other existing shoreline detection algorithms based on different water indices and clustering techniques. The resolution shoreline position timeseries is the first satellite image-extracted dataset of its kind in terms of its high spatial and temporal resolution, and paves the road to obtaining other high-temporal-resolution datasets to refine models of beaches worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T21:07:11Z","timestamp":1643144831000},"page":"557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["A Simple, Fully Automated Shoreline Detection Algorithm for High-Resolution Multi-Spectral Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hazem Usama","family":"Abdelhady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9115-6323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cary David","family":"Troy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6498-5951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9039-8600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raja","family":"Manish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"584","article-title":"A global analysis of human settlement in coastal zones","volume":"19","author":"Small","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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