{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:44:47Z","timestamp":1784544287759,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFC1501505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1501505"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41775006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41775006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Typhoon Research Foundation","award":["TFJJ202001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TFJJ202001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The equivalent propagation method adopts a variable propagation velocity in lightning location, minimizing the location error caused by various factors in the long-range lightning location network. To verify the feasibility of this method, we establish a long-range lightning location network in China. A new method is used to extract the ground wave peak points of the lightning sferics and is combined with the equivalent propagation velocity method for lightning location. By comparing with the lightning data detected by the lightning locating system called advanced direction and time-of-arrival detecting (ADTD) that has been widely used for tens of years in China, the feasibility of this method is initially verified. Additionally, it is found that the relative detection efficiency of our long-range lightning location network can reach 53%, the average location error is 9.17 km, and the detection range can reach more than 3000 km. The equivalent propagation method can improve the average location accuracy by ~1.16 km, compared with the assumed light speed of lightning-radiated sferic from the lightning stroke point to the observation station. The 50th percentile of the equal propagation velocity is 0.998c, which may be used in the long-range lightning location networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T21:07:11Z","timestamp":1643144831000},"page":"560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Preliminary Application of Long-Range Lightning Location Network with Equivalent Propagation Velocity in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1589-3281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)\/Key Laboratory for Aerosol Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0709-3129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingzhe","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)\/Key Laboratory for Aerosol Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)\/Key Laboratory for Aerosol Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junchao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)\/Key Laboratory for Aerosol Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qilin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)\/Key Laboratory for Aerosol Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)\/Key Laboratory for Aerosol Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Typhoon Institute, China Meteorological Administration, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)\/Key Laboratory for Aerosol Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)\/Key Laboratory for Aerosol Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Meteorological Disaster Prevention Technology Center, Jiangsu Meteorological Bureau, Nanjing 210041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)\/Key Laboratory for Aerosol Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)\/Key Laboratory for Aerosol Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rakov, V.A., and Uman, M.A. (2003). 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