{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T17:05:32Z","timestamp":1772643932692,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundationof China","award":["Nos. 62001103, U1936201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 62001103, U1936201"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005145","name":"Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. BK20190338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. BK20190338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005145","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Frequency diverse array (FDA) produces a beampattern with controllable direction and range by slightly shifting the carrier frequencies across the elements, which is attractive in many applications. By further incorporating coprime array structure and coprime frequency offsets, improved degrees-of-freedom and spatial\/range resolutions have been achieved. For such a relatively new array configuration, theoretical performance analyses are essential to explore the potentials and to facilitate practical implementation. In this work, we consider coprime-FDA-based joint\/separate angle-range estimation of far-field targets that exhibit two different types of Swerling fluctuation behavior, which are respectively modelled as deterministic and stochastic sources. Analytical expressions of the Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bounds (CRB) and numerical simulations for both cases are provided. The results reveal that the relationship between CRB and coprime FDA parameters is not simply monotonic. As shown in the numerical simulations, the CRB of coprime FDA outperforms that of uniform FDA-MIMO for more than 60% under commonly-adopted coprime patterns. The presented results can be used as a guideline for optimal design of coprime FDA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T04:49:51Z","timestamp":1643258991000},"page":"583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Cram\u00e9r-Rao Bound of Joint DOA-Range Estimation for Coprime Frequency Diverse Arrays"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0661-2281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zihuan","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6579-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China"}]},{"given":"Si","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing 100080, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3616-4616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongming","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonik, P., Wicks, M.C., Griffiths, H.D., and Baker, C.J. 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