{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T19:30:00Z","timestamp":1781551800506,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42130514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130514"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42141007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42141007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A variety of spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) have been constructed to monitor crop water stress. However, their abilities to reflect dynamic canopy water content (CWC) and vegetation water content (VWC) during the growing season have not been concurrently examined, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, especially in relation to soil drying. In this study, a field experiment was conducted and designed with various irrigation regimes applied during two consecutive growing seasons of maize. The results showed that CWC, VWC, and the SVIs exhibited obvious trends of first increasing and then decreasing within a growing season. In addition, VWC was allometrically related to CWC across the two growing seasons. A linear relationship between the five SVIs and CWC occurred within a certain CWC range (0.01\u20130.41 kg m\u22122), while the relationship between these SVIs and VWC was nonlinear. Furthermore, the five SVIs indicated critical values for VWC, and these values were 1.12 and 1.15 kg m\u22122 for the water index (WI) and normalized difference water index (NDWI), respectively; however, the normalized difference infrared index (NDII), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and optimal soil-adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI) had the same critical value of 0.55 kg m\u22122. Therefore, in comparison to the NDII, NDVI, and OSAVI, the WI and NDWI better reflected the crop water content based on their sensitives to CWC and VWC. Moreover, CWC was the most important direct biotic driver of the dynamics of SVIs, while leaf area index (LAI) was the most important indirect biotic driver. VWC was a critical indirect regulator of WI, NDWI, NDII, and OSAVI dynamics, whereas vegetation dry mass (VDM) was the critical indirect regulator of NDVI dynamics. These findings may provide additional information for estimating agricultural drought and insights on the impact mechanism of soil water deficits on SVIs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T04:49:51Z","timestamp":1643258991000},"page":"584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Dynamic Characteristics of Canopy and Vegetation Water Content during an Entire Maize Growing Season in Relation to Spectral-Based Indices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Huailin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Joint Eco-Meteorological Laboratory of Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences and Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"Hebei Gucheng Agricultural Meteorology National Observation and Research Station, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6303-1275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangsheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Joint Eco-Meteorological Laboratory of Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences and Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast Meteorological Disaster Warning and Assessment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Hebei Gucheng Agricultural Meteorology National Observation and Research Station, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qijin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Gucheng Agricultural Meteorology National Observation and Research Station, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2014.00086","article-title":"Response of plants to water stress","volume":"5","author":"Osakabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4965","DOI":"10.1002\/2017WR020467","article-title":"A vegetation-focused soil-plant-atmospheric continuum model to study hydrodynamic soil-plant water relations","volume":"53","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2017.08.017","article-title":"Leaf water content estimation by functional linear regression of field spectroscopy data","volume":"165","author":"Valenciano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosys. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88678-7","article-title":"Spatial variation and mechanisms of leaf water content in grassland plants at the biome scale: Evidence from three comparative transects","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2020.106306","article-title":"Winter wheat canopy water content monitoring based on spectral transforms and \u201cThree-edge\u201d parameters","volume":"240","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2773625","article-title":"Retrieving leaf and canopy water content of winter wheat using vegetation water indices","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.004","article-title":"Capability of crop water content for revealing variability of winter wheat grain yield and soil moisture under limited irrigation","volume":"631\u2013632","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169308954010","article-title":"The reflectance at the 950\u2013970 nm region as an indicator of plant water status","volume":"14","author":"Filella","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00197-9","article-title":"Water content estimation in vegetation with MODIS reflectance data and model inversion methods","volume":"85","author":"Rueda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00067-3","article-title":"NDWI\u2014A normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space","volume":"58","author":"Gao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.08.025","article-title":"An accurate retrieval of leaf water content from mid to thermal infrared spectra using continuous wavelet analysis","volume":"437","author":"Ullah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8168","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3041039","article-title":"Estimating corn canopy water content from normalized difference water index (NDWI): An optimized NDWI-Based scheme and its feasibility for retrieving corn VWC","volume":"59","author":"Chai","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00191-2","article-title":"Detecting vegetation leaf water content using reflectance in the optical domain","volume":"77","author":"Ceccato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1029\/WR018i004p01137","article-title":"Passive microwave sensing of soil moisture under vegetation canopies","volume":"18","author":"Jackson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.10.021","article-title":"Vegetation water content mapping using Landsat data derived normalized difference water index for corn and soybeans","volume":"92","author":"Jackson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"119","article-title":"Estimating canopy water content using hyperspectral remote sensing data","volume":"12","author":"Clevers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartalis, Z., Wagner, W., Naeimi, V., Hasenauer, S., Scipal, K., Bonekamp, H., Figa, J., and Anderson, C. (2007). Initial soil moisture retrievals from the METOP-A Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT). Geophys. Res. Lett., 34.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL031088"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.01.024","article-title":"Modelling the passive microwave signature from land surfaces: A review of recent results and application to the L-band SMOS & SMAP soil moisture retrieval algorithms","volume":"192","author":"Wigneron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., and Zhou, G. (2019). Estimation of vegetation water content using hyperspectral vegetation indices: A comparison of crop water indicators in response to water stress treatments for summer maize. BMC Ecol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12898-019-0233-0"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunt, E., Li, L., Friedman, J., Gaiser, P., Twarog, E., and Cosh, M. (2018). Incorporation of stem water content into vegetation optical depth for crops and woodlands. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020273"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.11.014","article-title":"Remote sensing of vegetation water content from equivalent water thickness using satellite imagery","volume":"112","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpz062","article-title":"Plant water content integrates hydraulics and carbon depletion to predict drought-induced seedling mortality","volume":"39","author":"Sapes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.10.049","article-title":"Application of the water-related spectral reflectance indices: A review","volume":"98","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2010.2043918","article-title":"The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Mission","volume":"98","author":"Entekhabi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6901","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.510811","article-title":"On the terminology of the spectral vegetation index (NIR\u2009\u2212\u2009SWIR)\/(NIR\u2009+\u2009SWIR)","volume":"32","author":"Ji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-007-0086-9","article-title":"A method for canopy water content estimation for highly vegetated surfaces-shortwave infrared perpendicular water stress index","volume":"50","author":"Ghulam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. D Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.09.005","article-title":"Estimation of leaf and canopy water content in poplar plantations by means of hyperspectral indices and inverse modeling","volume":"112","author":"Colombo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2398034","article-title":"Optical sensing of vegetation water content: A synthesis study","volume":"8","author":"Ying","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quemada, C., P\u00e9rez-Escudero, J.M., Gonzalo, R., Ederra, I., Santesteban, L.G., Torres, N., and Iriarte, J.C. (2021). Remote sensing for plant water content monitoring: A review. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112088"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.03.019","article-title":"Upscaling ground observations of vegetation water content, canopy height, and leaf area index during SMEX02 using aircraft and Landsat imagery","volume":"92","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.07.008","article-title":"Vegetation water content estimation for corn and soybeans using spectral indices derived from MODIS near- and short-wave infrared bands","volume":"98","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014516","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.13.014516","article-title":"Estimating vegetation water content during the Soil Moisture Active Passive Validation Experiment 2016","volume":"13","author":"Cosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1002\/2017WR021494","article-title":"Canopy spectral reflectance as a predictor of soil water potential in rice","volume":"54","author":"Panigrahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"102393","article-title":"Leaf water content estimation using top-of-canopy airborne hyperspectral data","volume":"102","author":"Raj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00511","article-title":"Sequence of changes in maize responding to soil water deficit and related critical thresholds","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq340","article-title":"Photosynthesis and drought: Can we make metabolic connections from available data?","volume":"62","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blum, A. (2011). Plant water relations, plant stress and plant production. Plant Breeding for Water-Limited Environments, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7491-4"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lange, O.L., Kappen, L., and Schulze, E.D. (1976). Water stress and dynamics of growth and yield of crop plants. Water and Plant Life: Problems and Modern Approaches, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-66429-8"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2019.103932","article-title":"Environmental explanation of maize specific leaf area under varying water stress regimes","volume":"171","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794409","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.794409","article-title":"The interrelationship between water use efficiency and radiation use efficiency under progressive soil drying in maize","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.291","article-title":"Applicability of common stomatal conductance models in maize under varying soil moisture conditions","volume":"628\u2013629","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107395","article-title":"Capability of leaf water content and its threshold values in reflection of soil-plant water status in maize during prolonged drought","volume":"124","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1093\/jpe\/rty015","article-title":"Mapping the vertical distribution of maize roots in China in relation to climate and soil texture","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.09.061","article-title":"High-resolution prediction of soil available water content within the crop root zone","volume":"530","author":"Haghverdi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2015.09.011","article-title":"Leaf gas exchange, water status and radiation use efficiency of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) in a changing soil nitrogen fertilization and soil water availability in a semi-arid Mediterranean area","volume":"72","author":"Cosentino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci1999.0011183X0039000200021x","article-title":"Mathematical characterization of leaf shape and area of maize hybrids","volume":"39","author":"Stewart","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/ird.2546","article-title":"Canopy spectral reflectance for crop water stress assessment in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","volume":"70","author":"Chandel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Irrig. Drain."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2014.01.001","article-title":"Quantitative dynamics of stem water soluble carbohydrates in wheat can be monitored in the field using hyperspectral reflectance","volume":"159","author":"Dreccer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697217396","article-title":"Estimation of plant water concentration by the reflectance Water Index WI (R900\/R970)","volume":"18","author":"Penuelas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"77","article-title":"The influence of soil salinity, growth form, and leaf moisture on the spectral radiance of Spartina alterniflora canopies","volume":"49","author":"Hardisky","year":"1983","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"309","article-title":"Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS","volume":"Volume I","author":"Freden","year":"1974","journal-title":"Third Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 Syposium"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00018-4","article-title":"Integrated narrow-band vegetation indices for prediction of crop chlorophyll content for application to precision agriculture","volume":"81","author":"Haboudane","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-015-0283-4","article-title":"Management of crop water under drought: A review","volume":"35","author":"Bodner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.52.5.510","article-title":"Leaf water content and hormone effects on ribonuclease activity","volume":"52","author":"Arad","year":"1973","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1051\/agro:2008021","article-title":"Plant drought stress: Effects, mechanisms and management","volume":"29","author":"Farooq","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(88)90106-X","article-title":"A soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI)","volume":"25","author":"Huete","year":"1988","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2007.05.002","article-title":"Spectral and spatial differences in response of vegetation indices to nitrogen treatments on apple","volume":"59","author":"Perry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"tpab144","article-title":"The importance of tree internal water storage under drought conditions","volume":"00","author":"Preisler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00096-2","article-title":"Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices","volume":"83","author":"Huete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.05.020","article-title":"Sensitivity of spectral reflectance to variation in live fuel moisture content at leaf and canopy level","volume":"92","author":"Bowyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.07.026","article-title":"Recent advances in crop water stress detection","volume":"141","author":"Ihuoma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.12.024","article-title":"Detection of diurnal variation in orchard canopy water content using MODIS\/ASTER airborne simulator (MASTER) data","volume":"132","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6814","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3026384","article-title":"Soil moisture retrieval depth of P- and L-Band radiometry: Predictions and observations","volume":"59","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5400","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.2965569","article-title":"Retrieving root-zone soil moisture profile from P-Band radar via hybrid global and local optimization","volume":"58","author":"Etminan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.06.004","article-title":"Monitoring winter wheat drought threat in Northern China using multiple climate-based drought indices and soil moisture during 2000\u20132013","volume":"228\u2013229","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JG006064","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JG006064","article-title":"Capability of existing drought indices in reflecting agricultural drought in China","volume":"126","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(89)90066-7","article-title":"The relationship between leaf water status, gas exchange, and spectral reflectance in cotton leaves","volume":"30","author":"Bowman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.08.016","article-title":"Canopy leaf water content estimated using terrestrial LiDAR","volume":"232","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1002\/2018MS001284","article-title":"Evaluating the interplay between biophysical processes and leaf area changes in land surface models","volume":"10","author":"Forzieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/21.12-13.777","article-title":"Leaf area distribution and radiative transfer in open-canopy forests: Implications for mass and energy exchange","volume":"21","author":"Law","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2019.05.026","article-title":"Evapotranspiration over a rainfed maize field in northeast China: How are relationships between the environment and terrestrial evapotranspiration mediated by leaf area?","volume":"221","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(84)90043-9","article-title":"Soil spectral effects on 4-space vegetation discrimination","volume":"15","author":"Huete","year":"1984","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.068","article-title":"Using negative soil adjustment factor in soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) for aboveground living biomass estimation in arid grasslands","volume":"209","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/3\/584\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:08:19Z","timestamp":1760134099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/3\/584"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14030584"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14030584","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]}}}