{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T20:13:05Z","timestamp":1767903185433,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41801337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41801337"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Grants of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","award":["18ZR1410800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18ZR1410800"]}]},{"name":"Fund of the Director of the Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University","award":["KLGIS2017C03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLGIS2017C03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chinese coastal topography has changed significantly over the last two decades due to human actions such as the development of extensive land reclamation projects. Newly-reclaimed lands typically have low elevations (&lt;10 m) and often experience severe ground subsidence. These conditions, combined with the more frequent occurrence of extreme sea-level events amplified by global climate change, lead to an increased risk of flooding of coastal regions. This work focuses on twelve Chinese coastal areas that underwent significant changes from 2000 to 2015 in their environments, correlated to relevant land reclamation projects. First, the ground changes between 2000 and 2015 were roughly computed by comparing the TanDEM-X and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation models of the investigated areas. These results indicate that six of the analyzed coastal zones have reclaimed more than 200 km2 of new lands from 2000 to 2015, with five of them in northern China. Second, we focused specifically on the city of Shanghai, and characterized the risk of flood in this area. To this purpose, two independent sets of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data collected at the X- and C-band through the COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) and the European Copernicus Sentinel-1 (S-1) sensors were exploited. We assumed that the still extreme seawater depth is chi-square distributed, and estimated the probability of waves overtopping the coast. We also evaluated the impact on the territory of potential extreme flood events by counting the number of very-coherent objects (at most anthropic, such as buildings and public infrastructures) that could be seriously affected by a flood. To forecast possible inundation patterns, we used the LISFLOOD-FP hydrodynamic model. Assuming that an extreme event destroyed a given sector of the coastline, we finally computed the extent of the flooded areas and quantified its impact in terms of coherent structures potentially damaged by the inundation. Experimental results showed that two coastline segments located in the southern districts of Shanghai, where the seawalls height is lower, had the highest probability of wave overtopping and the most significant density of coherent objects potentially subjected to severe flood impacts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T01:43:27Z","timestamp":1643420607000},"page":"637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Changes of Chinese Coastal Regions Induced by Land Reclamation as Revealed through TanDEM-X DEM and InSAR Analyses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maochuan","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"Institute of Eco-Chongming (I.E.C.), East China Normal University, Shanghai 202162, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3433-9435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"Institute of Eco-Chongming (I.E.C.), East China Normal University, Shanghai 202162, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7843-3565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), Italian National Research Council, 328, Diocleziano, 80124 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"given":"Adam Thomas","family":"Devlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research of Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330022, China"},{"name":"School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China"},{"name":"Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3698-908X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Falabella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), Italian National Research Council, 328, Diocleziano, 80124 Napoli, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis (IMAA), Italian National Research Council, Tito Scalo, 85050 Potenza, Italy"},{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}]},{"given":"Chengfang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"Institute of Eco-Chongming (I.E.C.), East China Normal University, Shanghai 202162, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}]},{"given":"Zhengjie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"Institute of Eco-Chongming (I.E.C.), East China Normal University, Shanghai 202162, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z.Q. 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