{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T21:03:43Z","timestamp":1778706223826,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRG\/2019\/003394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRG\/2019\/003394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scintillation due to ionospheric plasma irregularities remains a challenging task for the space science community as it can severely threaten the dynamic systems relying on space-based navigation services. In the present paper, we probe the ionospheric current and plasma irregularity characteristics from a latitudinal arrangement of magnetometers and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations from the equator to the far low latitude location over the Indian longitudes, during the severe space weather events of 6\u201310 September 2017 that are associated with the strongest and consecutive solar flares in the 24th solar cycle. The night-time influence of partial ring current signatures in ASYH and the daytime influence of the disturbances in the ionospheric E region electric currents (Diono) are highlighted during the event. The total electron content (TEC) from the latitudinal GNSS observables indicate a perturbed equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) condition on 7 September, due to a sequence of M-class solar flares and associated prompt penetration electric fields (PPEFs), whereas the suppressed EIA on 8 September with an inverted equatorial electrojet (EEJ) suggests the driving disturbance dynamo electric current (Ddyn) corresponding to disturbance dynamo electric fields (DDEFs) penetration in the E region and additional contributions from the plausible storm-time compositional changes (O\/N2) in the F-region. The concurrent analysis of the Diono and EEJ strengths help in identifying the pre-reversal effect (PRE) condition to seed the development of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) during the local evening sector on the storm day. The severity of ionospheric irregularities at different latitudes is revealed from the occurrence rate of the rate of change of TEC index (ROTI) variations. Further, the investigations of the hourly maximum absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of ROTI from the reference quiet days\u2019 levels and the timestamps of ROTI peak magnitudes substantiate the severity, latitudinal time lag in the peak of irregularity, and poleward expansion of EPBs and associated scintillations. The key findings from this study strengthen the understanding of evolution and the drifting characteristics of plasma irregularities over the Indian low latitudes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]],"date-time":"2022-01-30T00:12:56Z","timestamp":1643501576000},"page":"652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Signatures of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles and Ionospheric Scintillations from Magnetometer and GNSS Observations in the Indian Longitudes during the Space Weather Events of Early September 2017"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0495-4509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram Kumar","family":"Vankadara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ECE, KL Deemed to be University, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur 522501, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5655-3585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sampad Kumar","family":"Panda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ECE, KL Deemed to be University, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur 522501, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5961-6331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Amory-Mazaudier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPP (Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, UMR 7648), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique, 75005 Paris, France"},{"name":"The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Strada Costiera 11, I-34151 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rolland","family":"Fleury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences et Techniques de l\u2019Information, de la Communication et de la Connaissance (Lab-STICC), UMR CNRS 6285, University of Brest, 29238 Brest, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Venkata Ratnam","family":"Devanaboyina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ECE, KL Deemed to be University, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur 522501, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tarun Kumar","family":"Pant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Punyawi","family":"Jamjareegulgarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Prince of Chumphon Campus, Chumphon 86160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5913-5979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Anul","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Science, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8816-092X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Okoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Atmospheric Research, National Space Research and Development Agency, Anyigba 272102, Nigeria"},{"name":"Institute for Space Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Abuja 900107, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3690-7873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gopi Krishna","family":"Seemala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Navi Mumbai 410218, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2019.05.018","article-title":"Statistical relation of scintillation index S4 with ionospheric irregularity index ROTI over Indian equatorial region","volume":"64","author":"Acharya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. 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