{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T04:00:38Z","timestamp":1772596838255,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Artistic, architectural and Cultural Heritage (CH) structures are often exposed to a high risk of damage caused by seismic events, natural disasters and more by negligence and poor state of preservation and conservation; the use of a series of technologies, based on digital acquisition and high-level data processing, allows the realisation of a three-dimensional model of high detail. In order to preserve structures of particular historical and architectural value, it is necessary to assess their structural stability. In addition, many structures, such as statues, have rather complex geometries. Therefore, it is necessary to identify a methodology able to transform the point cloud generated through a geomatics approach into a model suitable for FEM (Finite Element Analysis) analysis. This process, known as Scan to FEM, is addressed in this paper. The paper shows the case study of the \u201cColossus of Barletta\u201d, a bronze statue dating back to the 5th century A.D. located in the city of Barletta, Italy. To analyse this structure, a suitable methodology has been developed which is based on the optimisation of the surface model of the structure; in this way, it is possible to obtain an efficient transformation from a digital photogrammetric model with complex geometry into a model suitable for structural finite element analysis. The digital photogrammetry technique was applied for the survey of the structure, which allowed us to obtain a very high-resolution dense point cloud and a geometrically accurate three-dimensional mesh model, i.e., in a TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) model. Subsequently, the TIN was transformed into a quad mesh model (identifying a suitable reduction value) and finally into NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational Basis-Splines) to be optimised and imported into a finite element calculation software. This geomatics approach has validated an efficient Scan to FEM process; in fact, thanks to this methodology, it is possible to elaborate three-dimensional models with complex geometry and draw a series of considerations related to structural behaviour or specific restoration interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]],"date-time":"2022-01-30T00:12:56Z","timestamp":1643501576000},"page":"664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["A Geomatics Approach in Scan to FEM Process Applied to Cultural Heritage Structure: The Case Study of the \u201cColossus of Barletta\u201d"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4816-8913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo Saverio","family":"Alfio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Polytechnic of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1909-9261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenica","family":"Costantino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Polytechnic of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2508-5066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Polytechnic of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Restuccia Garofalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AESEI Spin-Off Polytechnic of Bari, Via S. Eligio 1\/L, 74015 Martina Franca, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S1296-2074(01)01108-6","article-title":"3D Digitizing of Cultural Heritage","volume":"2","author":"Pieraccini","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"51","article-title":"Comparison of Documentation Cultural Artifacts Using the 3D Model in Different Software","volume":"2","author":"Kabadayi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mersin Photogramm. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patias, P., Grussenmeyer, P., and Hanke, K. (2008). Applications in Cultural Heritage Documentation. Advances in Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences: 2008 ISPRS Congress Book, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203888445.ch27"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baik, A. (2021). 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