{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T16:27:03Z","timestamp":1783787223990,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]],"date-time":"2022-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071344"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grassland species diversity monitoring is essential to grassland resource protection and utilization. \u201cSpectral variation hypothesis\u201d (SVH) provides a remote sensing method for monitoring grassland species diversity at pixel scale by calculating spectral heterogeneity. However, the pixel spectrum is easily affected by soil and other background factors in natural grassland. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based imaging spectroscopy provides the possibility of soil information removal by virtue of its high spatial and spectral resolution. In this study, UAV-imaging spectroscopy data with a spatial resolution of 0.2 m obtained in two sites of typical alpine steppe within the Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve were used to analyze the relationships between four spectral diversity metrics (coefficient of variation based on NDVI (CVNDVI), coefficient of variation based on multiple bands (CVMulti), minimum convex hull volume (CHV) and minimum convex hull area (CHA)) and two species diversity indices (species richness and the Shannon\u2013Wiener index). Meanwhile, two soil removal methods (based on NDVI threshold and the linear spectral unmixing model) were used to investigate the impact of soil on species diversity estimation. The results showed that the Shannon\u2013Wiener index had a better response to spectral diversity than species richness, and CVMulti showed the best correlation with the Shannon\u2013Wiener index between the four spectral diversity metrics after removing soil information using the linear spectral unmixing model. It indicated that the estimation ability of spectral diversity to species diversity was significantly improved after removing the soil information. Our findings demonstrated the applicability of the spectral variation hypothesis in natural grassland, and illustrated the impact of soil on species diversity estimation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T01:46:21Z","timestamp":1643593581000},"page":"671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Assessing the Impact of Soil on Species Diversity Estimation Based on UAV Imaging Spectroscopy in a Natural Alpine Steppe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Cong","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoju","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4289-2129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9261-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zonghan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5546-365X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingfang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2015.08.009","article-title":"Biodiversity and resilience of ecosystem functions","volume":"30","author":"Oliver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13797","article-title":"Biodiversity\u2013productivity relationships in a natural grassland community vary under diversity loss scenarios","volume":"110","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Oijen, M., Bellocchi, G., and H\u00f6glind, M. (2018). Effects of climate change on grassland biodiversity and productivity: The need for a diversity of models. Agronomy, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy8020014"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.energy.28.050302.105532","article-title":"Global state of biodiversity and loss","volume":"28","author":"Dirzo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s10539-019-9722-y","article-title":"Precis of defending biodiversity","volume":"35","author":"Linquist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Philos."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11148","article-title":"Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity","volume":"486","author":"Cardinale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"11","article-title":"Spatial variation in biodiversity loss across china under multiple environmental stressors","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19324","article-title":"Addition of multiple limiting resources reduces grassland diversity","volume":"537","author":"Harpole","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8672","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502074112","article-title":"Climate-driven diversity loss in a grassland community","volume":"112","author":"Harrison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-01375-y","article-title":"Ensuring effective implementation of the post-2020 global biodiversity targets","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1890\/04-0922","article-title":"Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowledge","volume":"75","author":"Hooper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22899","article-title":"Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales","volume":"546","author":"Isbell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.06.022","article-title":"Linking earth observation and taxonomic, structural and functional biodiversity: Local to ecosystem perspectives","volume":"70","author":"Lausch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2011.12.016","article-title":"How many dimensions of biodiversity do we need?","volume":"18","author":"Lyashevska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2307\/1218190","article-title":"Evolution and measurement of species diversity","volume":"21","author":"Whittaker","year":"1972","journal-title":"Taxon"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"5","article-title":"Scale dependence in plant biodiversity","volume":"291","author":"Harral","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"453","article-title":"Scale and species richness: Towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity","volume":"18","author":"Robert","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/35012228","article-title":"Global patterns in biodiversity","volume":"405","author":"Gaston","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","article-title":"A mathematical theory of communication","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magurran, A.E. (1988). Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-7358-0"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/163688a0","article-title":"Measurement of diversity","volume":"163","author":"Simpson","year":"1949","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.05.110174.001441","article-title":"The measurement of species diversity","volume":"5","author":"Peet","year":"1974","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(66)90013-0","article-title":"The measurement of diversity in diflerent types of biological collections","volume":"13","author":"Pielou","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04742","article-title":"Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment","volume":"441","author":"Tilman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-1280-9","article-title":"The results of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiments are realistic","volume":"4","author":"Jochum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nwab032","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwab032","article-title":"The global significance of biodiversity science in china: An overview","volume":"8","author":"Mi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229931","article-title":"Ecology. Essential biodiversity variables","volume":"339","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12261","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing for applied ecologists: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"51","author":"Pettorelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1256014","article-title":"Sensing biodiversity","volume":"346","author":"Turner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2014.11.048","article-title":"Free and open-access satellite data are key to biodiversity conservation","volume":"182","author":"Turner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2008.01083.x","article-title":"Delivering a global, terrestrial, biodiversity observation system through remote sensing","volume":"23","author":"Buchanan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.10.037","article-title":"Detecting prairie biodiversity with airborne remote sensing","volume":"221","author":"Gholizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133308093606","article-title":"Measuring and modelling biodiversity from space","volume":"32","author":"Gillespie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12545","article-title":"How do we want satellite remote sensing to support biodiversity conservation globally?","volume":"7","author":"Pettorelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Sun, Y., Chen, W., Zhao, Y., Liu, X., and Bai, Y. (2021). The potential of mapping grassland plant diversity with the links among spectral diversity, functional trait diversity, and species diversity. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13153034"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, C., Kneub\u00fchler, M., Sch\u00fctz, M., Schaepman, M.E., Haller, R.M., Risch, A.C., Disney, M., and He, K. (2021). Spatial resolution, spectral metrics and biomass are key aspects in estimating plant species richness from spectral diversity in species-rich grasslands. Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv., 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1002\/rse2.244"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.04.010","article-title":"Influence of species richness, evenness, and composition on optical diversity: A simulation study","volume":"211","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/env.516","article-title":"Quantitative tools for perfecting species lists","volume":"13","author":"Palmer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environmetrics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.09.055","article-title":"Remotely sensed spatial heterogeneity as an exploratory tool for taxonomic and functional diversity study","volume":"85","author":"Rocchini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.01.036","article-title":"The spectral variability hypothesis does not hold across landscapes","volume":"192","author":"Schmidtlein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03284.x","article-title":"Remote sensing of plant functional types","volume":"186","author":"Ustin","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.07.010","article-title":"Mapping tree species composition in south african savannas using an integrated airborne spectral and lidar system","volume":"125","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01530-3","article-title":"Mapping functional diversity from remotely sensed morphological and physiological forest traits","volume":"8","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.05.014","article-title":"Forest species diversity mapping using airborne lidar and hyperspectral data in a subtropical forest in china","volume":"213","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112170","article-title":"Mapping functional diversity using individual tree-based morphological and physiological traits in a subtropical forest","volume":"252","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"369","article-title":"Comparison of direct and indirect determination of leaf area index in permanent grassland","volume":"88","author":"Klingler","year":"2020","journal-title":"PFG\u2014J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Geoinf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.03.011","article-title":"Species classification using unmanned aerial vehicle (uav)-acquired high spatial resolution imagery in a heterogeneous grassland","volume":"128","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/gfs.12312","article-title":"Remote sensing as a tool to assess botanical composition, structure, quantity and quality of temperate grasslands","volume":"73","author":"Wachendorf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Grass Forage Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111218","article-title":"Remote sensing of terrestrial plant biodiversity","volume":"231","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050337","article-title":"The photochemical refectance index: An optical indicator of photosynthetic radiation use efficiency across species, functional types, and nutrient levels","volume":"112","author":"Surfus","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.1390","article-title":"Spectral diversity area relationships for assessing biodiversity in a wildland\u2013agriculture matrix","volume":"26","author":"Dahlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.12.014","article-title":"Remote sensing of biodiversity: Soil correction and data dimension reduction methods improve assessment of \u03b1-diversity (species richness) in prairie ecosystems","volume":"206","author":"Gholizadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Gamon, J., Emmerton, C., Li, H., Nestola, E., Pastorello, G., and Menzer, O. (2016). Integrated analysis of productivity and biodiversity in a southern alberta prairie. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8030214"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.06.010","article-title":"Intra- and inter-class spectral variability of tropical tree species at la selva, costa rica: Implications for species identification using hydice imagery","volume":"105","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.03.018","article-title":"Effects of spatial and spectral resolution in estimating ecosystem \u03b1-diversity by satellite imagery","volume":"111","author":"Rocchini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, Y., Fan, M., Bai, L., Sang, W., Feng, J., Zhao, Z., and Tao, Z. (2019). Identification of the best hyperspectral indices in estimating plant species richness in sandy grasslands. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11050588"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imran, H.A., Gianelle, D., Rocchini, D., Dalponte, M., Mart\u00edn, M.P., Sakowska, K., Wohlfahrt, G., and Vescovo, L. (2020). Vis-nir, red-edge and nir-shoulder based normalized vegetation indices response to co-varying leaf and canopy structural traits in heterogeneous grasslands. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142254"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2000)010[1861:RSOVPS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Remote sensing of vegetation, plant species richness, and regional biodiversity hotspots","volume":"10","author":"Gould","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111536","article-title":"Prediction of plant diversity in grasslands using sentinel-1 and -2 satellite image time series","volume":"237","author":"Fauvel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0551-1","article-title":"Plant spectral diversity integrates functional and phylogenetic components of biodiversity and predicts ecosystem function","volume":"2","author":"Schweiger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.06.009","article-title":"The use of hyperspectral remote sensing to assess vascular plant species richness on horn island, mississippi","volume":"112","author":"Lucas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107267","article-title":"Hyperspectral retrieval of leaf physiological traits and their links to ecosystem productivity in grassland monocultures","volume":"122","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.2019.1605586","article-title":"Discrimination of senescent vegetation cover from landsat-8 oli imagery by spectral unmixing in the northern mixed grasslands","volume":"45","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"165","article-title":"Diversity of vascular plants in qinghai","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Qinghai Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Feng, M., and Che, X. (2019). Monthly surface water extent dataset for tibetan plateau and central asia (2000\u20132015). Natl. Tibet. Plateau Data Cent."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-020-6192-2","article-title":"Degradation stage effects on vegetation and soil properties interactions in alpine steppe","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Wu, B., Qian, J., and Zeng, Y. (2017). Land Cover Atlas of the People\u2019s Re-Public of China (1:1,000,000), Sinomaps Press."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, L., Chen, J.M., Zhang, G., Xu, X., Ming, X., and Guo, W. (2021). Seamless mosaicking of uav-based push-broom hyperspectral images for environment monitoring. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13224720"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.08.031","article-title":"Mapping plant species in mixed grassland communities using close range imaging spectroscopy","volume":"201","author":"Lopatin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2009.07.012","article-title":"Does using species abundance data improve estimates of species diversity from remotely sensed spectral heterogeneity?","volume":"10","author":"Oldeland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8098","DOI":"10.1029\/JB091iB08p08098","article-title":"Spectral mixture modeling: A new analysis of rock and soil types at the viking lander 1 site","volume":"91","author":"Adams","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, Y., Zheng, X., Zhao, K., Xin, X., and Liu, H. (2016). Quantifying the impact of ndvisoil determination methods and ndvisoil variability on the estimation of fractional vegetation cover in northeast china. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8010029"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"648","article-title":"Forest structural variables retrieval using eo-1 hyperion data in combination with linear spectral unmixing and an inverted geometric-optical model","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.11.005","article-title":"Modeling grassland aboveground biomass using a pure vegetation index","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6279","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-10-6279-2013","article-title":"Remote sensing of lai, chlorophyll and leaf nitrogen pools of crop- and grasslands in five european landscapes","volume":"10","author":"Boegh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rama.2018.10.005","article-title":"Quantitative estimation of biomass of alpine grasslands using hyperspectral remote sensing","volume":"72","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107062","article-title":"The retrieval of plant functional traits from canopy spectra through rtm-inversions and statistical models are both critically affected by plant phenology","volume":"121","author":"Schiefer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.030","article-title":"The functional characterization of grass- and shrubland ecosystems using hyperspectral remote sensing: Trends, accuracy and moderating variables","volume":"209","author":"Vanierschot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111415","article-title":"From local to regional: Functional diversity in differently managed alpine grasslands","volume":"236","author":"Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conti, L., Malavasi, M., Galland, T., Kom\u00e1rek, J., Lagner, O., Carmona, C.P., Bello, F., Rocchini, D., \u0160\u00edmov\u00e1, P., and Feilhauer, H. (2021). The relationship between species and spectral diversity in grassland communities is mediated by their vertical complexity. Appl. Veg. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.1111\/avsc.12600"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13631","article-title":"Biodiversity facets affect community surface temperature via 3d canopy structure in grassland communities","volume":"109","author":"Weigelt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Bao, Y., Wang, D., Xin, X., Ding, L., Xu, D., Hou, L., and Shen, J. (2021). Using uav lidar to extract vegetation parameters of inner mongolian grassland. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040656"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7199","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.967886","article-title":"Isolating individual trees in a closed coniferous forest using small footprint lidar data","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4636","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.779398","article-title":"Filling invalid values in a lidar-derived canopy height model with morphological crown control","volume":"34","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1093\/jpe\/rtw005","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of grasslands: From observation to management","volume":"9","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.01.018","article-title":"Evaluation of sentinel-2 time-series for mapping floodplain grassland plant communities","volume":"223","author":"Rapinel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s12224-008-9019-4","article-title":"Scale dependency in the species-area relationship of plant communities","volume":"43","author":"Dolnik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Folia Geobot."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/3\/671\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:11:32Z","timestamp":1760134292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/3\/671"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14030671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14030671","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]}}}