{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T16:21:53Z","timestamp":1769185313119,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["131352\/2021-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["131352\/2021-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although 70% of the Amazon population lives in urban areas, studies on the urban Amazon are scarce. Much of the urban Amazon population lives in precarious settlements. The distinctiveness and diversity of Amazonian precarious settlements are vast and must be identified to be considered in the development of appropriate public policies. Aiming at investigating precarious settlements in Amazon, this study is guided by the following questions: For the Brazilian Amazon region, is it possible to identify areas of precarious settlements by combining geoprocessing and remote sensing techniques? Are there different typologies of precarious settlements distinguishable by their spatial arrangements? Thus, we developed a methodology for identifying precarious settlements and subsequently classifying them into urban fabric typologies (UFT), choosing the cities of Altamira, Camet\u00e1, and Marab\u00e1 as study sites. Our classification model utilized geographic objects-based image analysis (GEOBIA) and data mining of spectral data from WPM sensor images from the CBERS-4A satellite, jointly with texture metrics, context metrics, biophysical index, voluntary geographical information, and neighborhood relationships. With the C5.0 decision tree algorithm we carried out variable selection and classification of these geographic objects. Our estimated models show accuracy above 90% when applied to the study sites. Additionally, we described Amazonian UFT in six types to be identified. We concluded that Amazonian precarious settlements are morphologically diverse, with an urban fabric different from those commonly found in Brazilian metropolitan areas. Identifying and characterizing distinct precarious areas is vital for the planning and development of sustainable and effective public policies for the urban Amazon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:38:40Z","timestamp":1644179920000},"page":"704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Identifying Precarious Settlements and Urban Fabric Typologies Based on GEOBIA and Data Mining in Brazilian Amazon Cities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6748-2038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno Dias","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil"},{"name":"Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo Andr\u00e9 09210-580, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7054-4463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina Moutinho Duque","family":"de Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo Andr\u00e9 09210-580, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Gilberto Eidi Teramoto","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0876-0501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thales Sehn","family":"Korting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5822-8265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Isabel Sobral","family":"Escada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4314-7291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvana","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Un-Habitat (2016). World Cities Report 2016: Urbanization and Development\u2013Emerging Futures, United Nations Human Settlements Programme. Available online: https:\/\/unhabitat.org\/world-cities-report."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Unstats (2021, October 31). SDG Indicators: Make Cities and Human Settlements Inclusive, Safe, Resilient and Sustainable. Available online: https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/sdgs\/report\/2019\/goal-11."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"BRASIL (2021, October 31). Lei No. 11.124, Available online: http:\/\/www.planalto.gov.br\/ccivil_03\/_ato2004-2006\/2005\/lei\/l11124.htm."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"BRASIL (2010). Guia para o Mapeamento e Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o de Assentamentos Prec\u00e1rios, Minist\u00e9rio das Cidades."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Maricato, E. (2021, October 31). Autoconstru\u00e7\u00e3o, a Arquitetura Poss\u00edvel. A Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Capitalista da Casa (e da cidade) no Brasil industrial. Available online: https:\/\/erminiamaricato.files.wordpress.com\/2012\/03\/a-produccca7acc83o-capitalista-da-casa-e-da-cidade-no-brasil-industrial.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Denaldi, R., and Rosa, J.S. (2021, October 31). A\u00e7\u00f5es Integradas de Urbaniza\u00e7\u00e3o de Assentamentos Prec\u00e1rios. Brasilia: Minist\u00e9rio das Cidades\/Cities Alliance, Available online: https:\/\/bibliotecadigital.seplan.planejamento.gov.br\/handle\/iditem\/272."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"34","article-title":"Reconstruindo uma hist\u00f3ria esquecida: Origem e expans\u00e3o inicial das favelas do Rio de Janeiro","volume":"14","author":"Abreu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Espa\u00e7o Debates"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"581","article-title":"Dos corti\u00e7os \u00e0s favelas e aos edif\u00edcios de apartamentos\u2014a moderniza\u00e7\u00e3o da moradia no Rio de Janeiro","volume":"29","author":"Vaz","year":"1994","journal-title":"An\u00e1lise Social"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.2317-2762.v0i19p176-197","article-title":"S\u00e3o Paulo e suas favelas","volume":"19","author":"Pasternak","year":"2006","journal-title":"P\u00f3s Rev. Programa P\u00f3s-Grad. Arquitetura Urban. FAUUSP"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1590\/2175-3369.007.003.AO03","article-title":"As defini\u00e7\u00f5es de assentamentos prec\u00e1rios e favelas e suas implica\u00e7\u00f5es nos dados populacionais: Abordagem da an\u00e1lise de conte\u00fado","volume":"7","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urbe Rev. Bras. Gest\u00e3o Urbana"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"A quest\u00e3o da habita\u00e7\u00e3o em munic\u00edpios periurbanos na Amaz\u00f4nia","volume":"1","author":"Santana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ed. UFPA"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"ST 2 Particularidades Das Habita\u00e7\u00f5es Nos Pequenos Munic\u00edpios Paraenses","volume":"16","author":"Sakatauskas","year":"2015","journal-title":"An. ENANPUR."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Sakatauskas Gdlb (2020). Especificidades da Precariedade Habitacional na Amaz\u00f4nia Ribeirinha: Um Olhar Sobre a Regi\u00e3o do Baixo Tocantins, Sakatauskas Gdlb."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Desenvolvimento Urbano e Territorial em Munic\u00edpios Periurbanos: Diferencia\u00e7\u00f5es no Universo dos Munic\u00edpios brasileiros","volume":"35","author":"Nakano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proposta"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Becker, B. (2013). A Urbe Amaz\u00f4nida, Garamound. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Morais, M.D.P.E., Krause, C.H., and Lima Neto, V.C. (2016). Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o e Tipologia de Assentamentos Prec\u00e1rios: Estudos de Caso Brasileiros, Instituto de Pesquisa Econ\u00f4mica Aplicada; Ipea."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuffer, M., Pfeffer, K., and Sliuzas, R. (2016). Slums from space\u201415 years of slum mapping using remote sensing. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8060455"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica (2021, November 01). Censo 2000: A Divulga\u00e7\u00e3o dos Resultados. IBGE, Available online: https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/censo\/divulgacao.shtm."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Instituto Brasileiro De Geografia E Estat\u00edstica (2021, November 01). Censo Demogr\u00e1fico 2010. Rio de Janeiro, Available online: https:\/\/biblioteca.ibge.gov.br\/visualizacao\/periodicos\/93\/cd_2010_caracteristicas_populacao_domicilios.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Centro de Estudos da Metropole-Cem, Cebrap (2021, November 01). Assentamentos Prec\u00e1rios no Brasil Urbano. Bras\u00edlia. Available online: https:\/\/direito.mppr.mp.br\/arquivos\/File\/relatorio-assentamentos-precatorios-no-brasil-urbano.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Centro de Estudos da Metropole-Cem, Cebrap (2021, November 01). Diagn\u00f3stico dos Assentamentos Prec\u00e1rios nos Munic\u00edpios da Macrometr\u00f3pole Paulista. S\u00e3o Paulo. Available online: https:\/\/centrodametropole.fflch.usp.br\/pt-br\/downloads-de-dados\/assentamentos-precarios-2013."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahabir, R., Croitoru, A., Crooks, A.T., Agouris, P., and Stefanidis, A. (2018). A critical review of high and very high-resolution remote sensing approaches for detecting and mapping slums: Trends, challenges and emerging opportunities. Urban Sci., 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/urbansci2010008"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duque, J.C., Royuela, V., and Nore\u00f1a, M. (2012). A Stepwise Procedure to Determinate a Suitable Scale for the Spatial Delimitation of Urban Slums. Defining the Spatial Scale in Modern Regional Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31994-5_12"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, G. (2018). Identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de Assentamentos Prec\u00e1rios na Regi\u00e3o do Grande ABC: Uma Abordagem Estat\u00edstica, UFABC."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Galeon, F. (2008, January 5\u20139). Estimation of population in informal settlement communities using high resolution satellite image. Proceedings of the XXI ISPRS Congress, Commission IV, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0973-0826(09)60006-5","article-title":"Energy access among the urban poor in Kenya","volume":"12","author":"Karekezi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102011000600012","article-title":"Household sampling in slums in surveys","volume":"45","author":"Alves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.2.994","article-title":"Measuring Economic Growth from Outer Space","volume":"102","author":"Henderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Novo, E.M.L.D.M. (2010). Sensoriamento Remoto: Princ\u00edpios e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es, Editora Blucher."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"QUILAN, J.R. (2021, November 01). C5.0: An Informal Tutorial. Available online: http:\/\/www.rulequest.com\/see5-unix.html."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Maricato, E.A. (2002). Cidade do Pensamento \u00danico: Desmanchando Consenso, Revista do Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Arquitetura e Urbanismo da FAUUSP. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Instituto Brasileiro De Geografia E Estat\u00edstica\u2014IBGE (2021, November 01). Aglomerados Subnormais 2019: Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o Preliminar e Informa\u00e7\u00f5es de Sa\u00fade Para o Enfrentamento \u00e0 COVID-19. Rio de Janeiro, Available online: https:\/\/covid19.ibge.gov.br\/."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Kurkdjian, M. (2021, November 01). Um m\u00e9todo Para Identifica\u00e7\u00e3o e An\u00e1lise de Setores Residenciais Urbanos Homog\u00eaneos, Atrav\u00e9s de Dados de Sensoriamento Remoto, Com Vistas ao Planejamento Urbano. S\u00e3o Paulo. 158p. Tese (Doutorado em Arquitetura e Urbanismo)-FAU-USP. [S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil]. Available online: http:\/\/mtc-m12.sid.inpe.br\/col\/sid.inpe.br\/iris@1912\/2005\/07.18.21.29\/doc\/INPE%206358.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"De Lourdes Neves de Oliveira, M., Manso, A.P., and Barros, M.S.S. (2021, November 01). Setoriza\u00e7\u00e3o urbana atrav\u00e9s de Sensoriamento Remoto. Instituto Nacional De Pesquisas Espaciais. Available online: http:\/\/marte.sid.inpe.br\/col\/dpi.inpe.br\/marte@80\/2008\/09.23.18.09\/doc\/436-451.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Manso, A.P., Barros, M.S.S., and Oliveira, M.L.N. (1978). Determina\u00e7\u00e3o de Zonas Homog\u00eaneas Atrav\u00e9s de Sensoriamento Remoto, INPE."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, C., Souza, I.D.M., Pereira, M.N., and Freitas, C.D.C. (2004). An\u00e1lise do Ambiente Urbano Visando a Infer\u00eancia Populacional a Partir do uso de Dados de Sensoriamento Remoto Orbital de alta Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o, INPE."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"317","article-title":"Geoprocessamento aplicado ao mapeamento das \u00e1reas de ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o irregular na cidade de Ponta Grossa (PR)","volume":"31","author":"Matias","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geogr. Rio Claro"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Hofmann, P. (2001). Detecting informal settlements from IKONOS image data using methods of object oriented image analysis-an example from Cape Town (South Africa). Remote Sens. Urban Areas\/Fernerkund. Urbanen R\u00e4umen, 41\u201342."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofmann, P., Strobl, J., Blaschke, T., and Kux, H. (2008). Detecting informal settlements from QuickBird data in Rio de Janeiro using an object based approach. Object-Based Image Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-77058-9_29"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/14498596.2016.1138247","article-title":"Urban slum detection using texture and spatial metrics derived from satellite imagery","volume":"61","author":"Kohli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Spat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Kohli, D., Stein, A., Sliuzas, R.V., and Kerle, N. (2015). Identifying and Classifying Slum Areas Using Remote Sensing, University of Twente Faculty of Geo-Information and Earth Observation (ITC)."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2017.1384586","article-title":"Detecting social groups from space\u2013Assessment of remote sensing-based mapped morphological slums using income data","volume":"9","author":"Wurm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"REU\u00df, F. (2021, November 01). Detection of Favelas in Brazil using Texture Parameters and Machine Learning. [Graz, Austria]. Available online: https:\/\/elib.dlr.de\/115220\/1\/Reuss_MA.pdf."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1803","article-title":"Classifying compound structures in satellite images: A compressed representation for fast queries","volume":"534","author":"Gueguen","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Dos Santos, B.D., de Pinho, C.M.D., and de Jesus, T.B. (2019). N\u00edveis De Consolida\u00e7\u00e3o De Assentamentos Prec\u00e1rios A Partir De Dados De Sensoriamento Remoto. XIX Simp\u00f3sio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto, INPE. Available online: http:\/\/marte2.sid.inpe.br\/col\/sid.inpe.br\/marte2\/2019\/10.31.12.39\/doc\/98009.pdf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5251","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2020.3018862","article-title":"Satellite-Based mapping of urban poverty with transfer-learned slum morphologies","volume":"13","author":"Stark","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2011.11.001","article-title":"An ontology of slums for image-based classification","volume":"36","author":"Kohli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2021.102494","article-title":"IMMerSe: An integrated methodology for mapping and classifying precarious settlements","volume":"133","author":"Feitosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"331","article-title":"InterIMAGE: Uma plataforma cognitiva open source para a interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica de imagens digitais","volume":"60","author":"Feitosa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Cartogr."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"120","article-title":"An\u00e1lise orientada a objeto no mapeamento de \u00e1reas urbanas com imagens Landsat","volume":"15","author":"Alves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bol. Ci\u00eancias Geod\u00e9sicas"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Ribeiro, B.M.G. (2021, November 01). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o das Imagens WorldView-II Para o Mapeamento da Cobertura do Solo Urbano Utilizando o Sistema InterIMAGE. S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos. Available online: http:\/\/mtc-m16d.sid.inpe.br\/col\/sid.inpe.br\/mtc-m19@80\/2010\/08.03.12.52.20\/doc\/publicacao.pdf."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Kux, H.J.H., Novack, T., Ferreira, R., Oliveira, D.A., and Ribeiro, B.M.G. (May, January 30). Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o da cobertura do solo urbano usando imagens \u00f3pticas de alt\u00edssima resolu\u00e7\u00e3o e o sistema InterIMAGE baseado em conhecimento. Proceedings of the Anais XV Simp\u00f3sio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto\u2013SBSR, Curitiba, Brasil."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5973","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.675451","article-title":"Land-cover classification of an intra-urban environment using high-resolution images and object-based image analysis","volume":"33","author":"Fonseca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"715","article-title":"Mapeamento de favelas usando classifica\u00e7\u00e3o orientada a objeto\u2013estudo de caso em Parais\u00f3polis, S\u00e3o Paulo (SP)","volume":"14","author":"Kux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Simp\u00f3sio Bras. Sens. Remoto"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.47235\/rmu.v4i1.9","article-title":"O urbano contempor\u00e2neo na fronteira de expans\u00e3o do capital: Padr\u00f5es de transforma\u00e7\u00f5es espaciais em seis cidades do Par\u00e1, Brasil","volume":"4","author":"Cardoso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Morfol. Urbana"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Pontes, L.B. (2021, November 01). Cidade, Desenho e Natureza: Uma Reflex\u00e3o Sobre os Espa\u00e7os Livres de Marab\u00e1. [Bel\u00e9m do Par\u00e1]. Available online: https:\/\/bdtd.ibict.br\/vufind\/Record\/UFPA_6aaf495909dd3b97f78cd452d6b7dc0b."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Cardoso, A.C.D., and Lima, J.J.F. (2006). Tipologias e Padr\u00f5es de Ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o Urbana na Amaz\u00f4nia Oriental: Para Que e Para Quem. O Rural e o Urbano na Amaz\u00f4nia: Diferentes Olhares em Perspectivas, UFPA."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"LISS (2021, November 01). Grupo De Pesquisa|Liss Inpe. Available online: https:\/\/www.lissinpe.com.br\/."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"INPE (2021, January 08). C\u00e2meras Imageadoras CBERS-4A. INPE. Available online: http:\/\/www.cbers.inpe.br\/sobre\/cameras\/cbers04a.php."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"INPE (2021, January 02). Sobre o CBERS. INPE. Available online: http:\/\/www.cbers.inpe.br\/sobre\/index.php."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (2021, November 01). Divis\u00e3o de Gera\u00e7\u00e3o de Imagem: Cat\u00e1logo de Imagens. Available online: http:\/\/www2.dgi.inpe.br\/catalogo\/explore."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Team, Q.D., and QGIS Geographic Information System (2021, November 14). QGIS Association. Available online: https:\/\/www.qgis.org."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"OTB (2021, November 01). Segmentation\u2014Orfeo ToolBox 7.4.0 Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/www.orfeo-toolbox.org\/CookBook\/Applications\/app_Segmentation.html."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2013.02.007","article-title":"GeoDMA\u2014Geographic Data Mining Analyst","volume":"57","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Ponzoni, F.J., Shimabukuro, Y.E., and Kuplich, T.M. (2012). Sensoriamento Remoto da Vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o, Oficina de Textos. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.14393\/rbcv63n4-49213","article-title":"Extra\u00e7\u00e3o De Fei\u00e7\u00f5es Urbanas Em Imagens De Alta Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o Espacial A Partir Do Estudo Do Comportamento Espectral Dos Alvos","volume":"63","author":"Ummus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. De Cartogr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1979.11328","article-title":"Statistical and structural approaches to texture","volume":"67","author":"Haralick","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2330857","article-title":"Stable Mean-Shift Algorithm and Its Application to the Segmentation of Arbitrarily Large Remote Sensing Images","volume":"53","author":"Michel","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"INPE (2021, November 01). GeoDMA Features. Available online: http:\/\/wiki.dpi.inpe.br\/doku.php?id=geodma_2:features&s[]=landscape."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Quinlan, J.R. (2014). C4. 5: Programs for Machine Learning, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"18","article-title":"C5. 0 algorithm to improved decision tree with feature selection and reduced error pruning","volume":"117","author":"Pandya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2007.03.041","article-title":"Rectangular and hexagonal grids used for observation, experiment and simulation in ecology","volume":"206","author":"Birch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Pereira, R.H.M., Kau\u00ea, C., Braga, V., Serra, B., and Nadalin, V.G. (2021, November 01). Desigualdades Socioespaciais De Acesso A Oportunidades Nas Cidades Brasileiras\u20142019. Bras\u00edlia, Available online: http:\/\/www.ipea.gov.br\/portal\/publicacoes."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Denaldi, R., Petrarolli, J.G., Gon\u00e7alves, G., and Moraes, G. (2018). Tecidos Urbanos E A Identifica\u00e7\u00e3o De Assentamentos Prec\u00e1rios Na Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana Da Baixada Santista. III URBFAVELAS, Observat\u00f3rio das Metr\u00f3poles. Available online: http:\/\/lepur.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/TECIDOS-URBANOS-E-A-IDENTIFICA%C3%87%C3%83O-DE-ASSENTAMENTOS-PREC%C3%81RIOS-NA-REGI%C3%83O-METROPOLITANA-DA-BAIXADA-SANTISTA-.pdf."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2018). Cdhu, ufabc. Desenvolvimento e aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de metodologia para identifica\u00e7\u00e3o, caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o e dimensionamento de assentamentos prec\u00e1rios. S\u00e3o Bernardo do Campo."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Ribeiro, R.J.D.C. (2021, November 15). \u00cdndice Composto de Qualidade de vida Urbana: Aspectos de Configura\u00e7\u00e3o Espacial, Socioecon\u00f4micos e Ambientais Urbanos. Available online: file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/dias-bruno\/Downloads\/2008_RomuloJoseCostaRibeiro.pdf."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"OSM (2021, November 01). OpenStreetMap. Available online: https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/#map=4\/-15.13\/-53.19."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.03.018","article-title":"HAND, a New Terrain Descriptor Using SRTM-DEM: Mapping Terra-Firme Rainforest Environments in Amazonia","volume":"112","author":"Nobre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGarigal, K., and Marks, B.J. (1995). Spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure, General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-351.","DOI":"10.2737\/PNW-GTR-351"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"De Cidades, A., and das Cidades, M. (2021, November 15). A\u00e7\u00f5es Integradas de Urbaniza\u00e7\u00e3o de Assentamentos prec\u00e1rios: S\u00edntese do Curso \u00e0 Dist\u00e2ncia, Available online: https:\/\/antigo.mdr.gov.br\/images\/stories\/ArquivosSNH\/ArquivosPDF\/SinteseAcaoUrbanizacao_WEB.pdf."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georganos, S., Abascal, A., Kuffer, M., Wang, J., Owusu, M., Wolff, E., and Vanhuysse, S. (2021). Is It All the Same? Mapping and Characterizing Deprived Urban Areas Using WorldView-3 Superspectral Imagery. A Case Study in Nairobi, Kenya. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13244986"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Reis, I.C. (2021, November 15). Caracteriza\u00e7ao de Paisagens Urbanas Heterog\u00eaneas de Interesse para a Vigil\u00e2ncia e Controle da Dengue com o uso de Sensoriamento Remoto e Minera\u00e7ao de Padroes Espaciais: Um Estudo para o Rio de Janeiro. Master in Remote Sensing, National Institute of Spatial Research, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, Brazil. Available online: http:\/\/mtc-m16d.sid.inpe.br\/col\/sid.inpe.br\/mtc-m19\/2010\/12.06.15.22\/doc\/publicacao.pdf?metadatarepository=sid.inpe.br\/mtc-m19\/2010\/12.06.15.22.45&mirror=sid.inpe.br\/mtc-m19@80\/2009\/08.21.17.02.53."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonita, G., Kuffer, M., Sliuzas, R., and Persello, C. (2018). Machine Learning-Based Slum Mapping in Support of Slum Upgrading Programs: The Case of Bandung City, Indonesia. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10101522"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2003.09.004","article-title":"Estimating population and energy consumption in Brazilian Amazonia using DMSP night-time satellite data","volume":"29","author":"Amaral","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Instituto de Pesquisa Econ\u00f4mica Aplicada (2021, November 01). Webinar Destacou Principais Resultados da Pesquisa Sobre n\u00facleos urbanos Informais, Available online: https:\/\/www.ipea.gov.br\/portal\/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=38607&catid=1&Itemid=7."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/3\/704\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:13:10Z","timestamp":1760134390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/3\/704"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14030704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14030704","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]}}}