{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T05:37:50Z","timestamp":1774935470991,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008861","name":"United Kingdom Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/N017021\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/N017021\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The commitment by over 100 governments covering over 90% of the world\u2019s forests at the COP26 in Glasgow to end deforestation by 2030 requires more effective forest monitoring systems. The near real-time (NRT) change detection of forest cover loss enables forest landowners, government agencies and local communities to monitor natural and anthropogenic disturbances in a much timelier fashion than the thematic maps that are released every year. NRT deforestation alerts enable the establishment of more up-to-date forest inventories and rapid responses to unlicensed logging. The Copernicus Sentinel-2 satellites provide operational Earth observation (EO) data from multi-spectral optical\/near-infrared wavelengths every five days at a global scale and at 10 m resolution. The amount of acquired data requires cloud computing or high-performance computing for ongoing monitoring systems and an automated system for processing, analyzing and delivering the information promptly. Here, we present a Sentinel-2-based NRT change detection system, assess its performance over two study sites, Manantl\u00e1n in Mexico and Cartagena del Chair\u00e1 in Colombia, and evaluate the forest changes that occurred in 2018. An independent validation with very high-resolution PlanetScope (~3 m) and RapidEye (~5 m) data suggests that the proposed NRT change detection system can accurately detect forest cover loss (&gt; 87%), other vegetation loss (&gt; 76%) and other vegetation gain (&gt; 71%). Furthermore, the proposed NRT change detection system is designed to be attuned using in situ data. Therefore, it is scalable to larger regions, entire countries and even continents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:38:40Z","timestamp":1644179920000},"page":"707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Near Real-Time Change Detection System Using Sentinel-2 and Machine Learning: A Test for Mexican and Colombian Forests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3361-3466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"Pacheco-Pascagaza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research (CLCR), Space Park Leicester (SPL), School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, 92 Corporation Rd, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK"},{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Space Park Leicester, Corporation Road, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK"},{"name":"Department of Geography, School of Environment, Education and Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5766-0956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaqing","family":"Gou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research (CLCR), Space Park Leicester (SPL), School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, 92 Corporation Rd, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK"},{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Space Park Leicester, Corporation Road, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK"},{"name":"Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, Rijksweg 5, 6705 Wageningen, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research (CLCR), Space Park Leicester (SPL), School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, 92 Corporation Rd, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK"},{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Space Park Leicester, Corporation Road, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research (CLCR), Space Park Leicester (SPL), School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, 92 Corporation Rd, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK"},{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Space Park Leicester, Corporation Road, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4845-4215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research (CLCR), Space Park Leicester (SPL), School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, 92 Corporation Rd, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK"},{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Space Park Leicester, Corporation Road, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0247-8449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polyanna","family":"da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o Bispo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research (CLCR), Space Park Leicester (SPL), School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, 92 Corporation Rd, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK"},{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Space Park Leicester, Corporation Road, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK"},{"name":"Department of Geography, School of Environment, Education and Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7497-3639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando D. B.","family":"Esp\u00edrito-Santo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research (CLCR), Space Park Leicester (SPL), School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, 92 Corporation Rd, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK"}]},{"given":"Ciaran","family":"Robb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Upton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research (CLCR), Space Park Leicester (SPL), School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, 92 Corporation Rd, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Galindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Hidrolog\u00eda, Meteorolog\u00eda y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM), Calle 25 D, Bogot\u00e1 110911, Colombia"}]},{"given":"Edersson","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Hidrolog\u00eda, Meteorolog\u00eda y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM), Calle 25 D, Bogot\u00e1 110911, Colombia"}]},{"given":"Indira Paola","family":"Pach\u00f3n Cendales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Hidrolog\u00eda, Meteorolog\u00eda y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM), Calle 25 D, Bogot\u00e1 110911, Colombia"}]},{"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Castillo Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Carretera Panamericana y Perif\u00e9rico sur s\/n, San Crist\u00f3bal de las Casas 29290, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Oswaldo","family":"Carrillo Negrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional Forestal (CONAFOR), Perif\u00e9rico Poniente 5360 San Juan de Ocot\u00e1n, Jalisco 45019, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Meneses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional Forestal (CONAFOR), Perif\u00e9rico Poniente 5360 San Juan de Ocot\u00e1n, Jalisco 45019, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"I\u00f1iguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional Forestal (CONAFOR), Perif\u00e9rico Poniente 5360 San Juan de Ocot\u00e1n, Jalisco 45019, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9053-4684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heiko","family":"Balzter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research (CLCR), Space Park Leicester (SPL), School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, 92 Corporation Rd, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK"},{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Space Park Leicester, Corporation Road, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2001.00018.x","article-title":"Tropical Forest Management and Conservation of Biodiversity: An Overview","volume":"15","author":"Putz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Conserv. 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