{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T05:34:36Z","timestamp":1773552876935,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31922055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31922055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31770590"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31770590"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pigments are the biochemical material basis for energy and material exchange between vegetation and the external environment, therefore quantitative determination of pigment content is crucial. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-borne remote sensing data coupled with radiative transfer models (RTM) provide marked strengths for three-dimensional (3D) visualization, as well as accurate determination of the distributions of pigment content in forest canopies. In this study, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and hyperspectral images acquired by a multi-rotor UAV were assessed with the PROSAIL model (i.e., PROSPECT model coupled with 4SAIL model) and were synthetically implemented to estimate the horizontal and vertical distribution of pigments in canopies of Ginkgo plantations in a study site within coastal southeast China. Firstly, the fusion of LiDAR point cloud and hyperspectral images was carried out in the frame of voxels to obtain fused hyperspectral point clouds. Secondly, the PROSAIL model was calibrated using specific model parameters of Ginkgo trees and the corresponding look-up tables (LUTs) of leaf pigment content were constructed and optimally selected. Finally, based on the optimal LUTs and combined with the hyperspectral point clouds, the horizontal and vertical distributions of pigments in different ages of ginkgo trees were mapped to explore their distribution characteristics. The results showed that 22-year-old ginkgo trees had higher biochemical pigment content (increase 3.37\u201355.67%) than 13-year-old ginkgo trees. Pigment content decreased with the increase of height, whereas pigment content from the outer part of tree canopies showed a rising tendency as compared to the inner part of canopies. Compared with the traditional vegetation index models (R2 = 0.25\u20130.46, rRMSE = 16.25\u201319.37%), the new approach developed in this study exhibited significant higher accuracies (R2 = 0.36\u20130.60, rRMSE = 13.53\u201316.86%). The results of this study confirmed the effectiveness of coupling the UAV-borne LiDAR and hyperspectral image with the PROSAIL model for accurately assessing pigment content in ginkgo canopies, and the developed estimation methods can also be adopted to other regions under different conditions, providing technical support for sustainable forest management and precision silvicuture for plantations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:38:40Z","timestamp":1644179920000},"page":"715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Estimating the Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Pigments in Canopies of Ginkgo Plantation Based on UAV-Borne LiDAR, Hyperspectral Data by Coupling PROSAIL Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0959-2298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiyun","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8194-2662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5195-0477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-008-9380-x","article-title":"Plantation forests and biodiversity: Oxymoron or opportunity?","volume":"17","author":"Brockerhoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"National Forestry and Grassland Administration (2014). China Forest Resources Report 2009\u20132013, China Forestry Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"28","article-title":"Study on the changes of leaf color parameter and pigment content of Ginkgo biloba leaf in autumn","volume":"38","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hebei Agric. Univ."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Yanling, N., and Zhao, Y. (2010). Study on Inversion of Vegetation Biochemical Parameters through Hyperspectral Data, Northeast Normal University."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"101919","article-title":"Evaluating the performance of PROSPECT in the retrieval of leaf traits across canopy throughout the growing season","volume":"83","author":"Gara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2016.04.050","article-title":"Seasonal variability of biomass, total leaf area and specific leaf area of forest understory herbs reflects their life strategies","volume":"374","author":"Dyderski","year":"2016","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Meng, W., and Xidong, W. (2016). Effects of Planting Densities and Spatial Distribution Patterns on Canopy Structure and Physiological Characters of Summer Maize, Tianjin Agricultural University."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-004-1748-3","article-title":"Effects of light availability versus hydraulic constraints on stomatal responses within a crown of silver birch","volume":"142","author":"Sellin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Study of the Dynamics Models of Forest Growth and Nutrition \u2167 Diameter Age and Growth Parameter Determination","volume":"21","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cent. South For. Univ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2011.2176468","article-title":"Using hyperspectral remote sensing data for retrieving canopy chlorophyll and nitrogen content","volume":"5","author":"Clevers","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2020.118254","article-title":"On the sunny side of the crown-quantification of intra-canopy SLA variation among 179 taxa","volume":"472","author":"Dyderski","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"309","article-title":"Application Status and Prospects of Remote Sensing in Forestry","volume":"21","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"264","article-title":"The remote sensing experiment on airborne LiDAR and hyperspectral integrated system for subtropical forest estimation","volume":"26","author":"Qingwang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. High Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112300","article-title":"Assessment of approaches for monitoring forest structure dynamics using bi-temporal digital aerial photogrammetry point clouds","volume":"255","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1360\/972013-592","article-title":"Perspectives and prospects of LiDAR in forest ecosystem monitoring and modeling","volume":"59","author":"Qinghua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"423","article-title":"The status and prospects of remote sensing applications in precision silviculture","volume":"25","author":"Kai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"163","article-title":"Research Developments on Inversion of Vegetation Biochemistry Compositions by Quantitative Remote Sensing","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Environ. Opt."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"3291","article-title":"Review of inversing biophysical and biochemical vegetation parameters in various spatial scales using radiative transfer models","volume":"33","author":"Yanfang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"94","article-title":"Hyperspectral Remote Sensing for Estimating Biochemical Variables of Canopy","volume":"18","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Correlation Analysis Between Spectral Data and Chlorophyll of Rice and Maize","volume":"6","author":"Changshan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Basic Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(90)90100-Z","article-title":"PROSPECT: A model of leaf optical properties spectra","volume":"34","author":"Jacquemoud","year":"1990","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00238-3","article-title":"Estimating leaf biochemistry using the PROSPECT leaf optical properties model","volume":"56","author":"Jacquemoud","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1051\/agro:19970903","article-title":"Estimation of leaf water content and specific leaf weight from reflectance and transmittance measurements","volume":"17","author":"Baret","year":"1997","journal-title":"Agronomie"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.02.012","article-title":"PROSPECT-4 and 5: Advances in the leaf optical properties model separating photosynthetic pigments","volume":"112","author":"Feret","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2009.01.005","article-title":"Estimation of chlorophyll content in Eucalyptus globulus foliage with the leaf reflectance model PROSPECT","volume":"149","author":"Barry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.06.016","article-title":"Optimizing spectral indices and chemometric analysis of leaf chemical properties using radiative transfer modeling","volume":"115","author":"Gitelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.03.004","article-title":"PROSPECT-D: Towards modeling leaf optical properties through a complete lifecycle","volume":"193","author":"Gitelson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(84)90057-9","article-title":"Light scattering by leaf layers with application to canopy reflectance modeling: The SAIL model","volume":"16","author":"Verhoef","year":"1984","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(99)00111-X","article-title":"A Directional Multispectral Forest Reflectance Model","volume":"72","author":"Kuusk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(99)00089-9","article-title":"A Modeling Approach for Studying Forest Chlorophyll Content","volume":"71","author":"Demarez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/02757250009532390","article-title":"A snapshot of canopy reflectance models and a universal model for the radiation regime","volume":"18","author":"Goel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00143-3","article-title":"Simulation of hyperspectral and directional radiance images using coupled biophysical and atmospheric radiative transfer models","volume":"87","author":"Verhoef","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90073-S","article-title":"Modeled analysis of the biophysical nature of spectral shifts and comparison with information content of broad bands","volume":"41","author":"Baret","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00081-9","article-title":"The Propagation of Foliar Biochemical Absorption Features in Forest Canopy Reflectance: A Theoretical Analysis","volume":"67","author":"Dawson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-7065(03)00003-2","article-title":"Remote sensing data assimilation using coupled radiative transfer models","volume":"28","author":"Verhoef","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5403","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116042000274015","article-title":"The MERIS terrestrial chlorophyll index","volume":"25","author":"Dash","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.05.015","article-title":"Radiative transfer modeling within a heterogeneous canopy for estimation of forest fire fuel properties","volume":"92","author":"Schaepman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2002.06.002","article-title":"Needle chlorophyll content estimation through model inversion using hyperspectral data from boreal conifer forest canopies","volume":"89","author":"Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.895844","article-title":"Unified Optical-Thermal Four-Stream Radiative Transfer Theory for Homogeneous Vegetation Canopies","volume":"45","author":"Verhoef","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.12.013","article-title":"PROCWT: Coupling PROSPECT with continuous wavelet transform to improve the retrieval of foliar chemistry from leaf bidirectional reflectance spectra","volume":"206","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger, K., Wang, Z., Danner, M., Wocher, M., Mauser, W., and Hank, T. (2018, January 22\u201327). Simulation of Spaceborne Hyperspectral Remote Sensing to Assist Crop Nitrogen Content Monitoring in Agricultural Crops. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2018.8518537"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.11.002","article-title":"Estimating leaf mass per area and equivalent water thickness based on leaf optical properties: Potential and limitations of physical modeling and machine learning","volume":"231","author":"Jay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"12","article-title":"Inversion of the PROSAIL model to estimate leaf area index of maize, potato, and sunflower fields from unmanned aerial vehicle hyperspectral data","volume":"26","author":"Duan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Zhiqing, C., and Jinsong, Z. (2015). Estimation Model of Poplar Plantation Productivity with Hyperspectral Information and Remote Sensing, Chinese Academy of Forestry."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112041","article-title":"Quantifying vertical profiles of biochemical traits for forest plantation species using advanced remote sensing approaches","volume":"250","author":"Xin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0110591","article-title":"Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents","volume":"11","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60214a047","article-title":"Smoothing and Differentiation of Data by Simplified Least Squares Procedures","volume":"36","author":"Savitzky","year":"1964","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"93","article-title":"Remote Recognition and Growth Monitoring of Winter Wheat in Key Stages Based on S-G Filter in Guanzhong Region","volume":"36","author":"Hui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Agrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.04.019","article-title":"Estimation of LAI and fractional cover from small footprint airborne laser scanning data based on gap fraction","volume":"104","author":"Morsdorf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-006-0119-6","article-title":"(Tony) Estimating canopy structure of Douglas-fir forest stands from discrete-return LiDAR","volume":"21","author":"Coops","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00228-0","article-title":"Estimating tree heights and number of stems in young forest stands using airborne laser scanner data","volume":"78","author":"Bjerknes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.5589\/m03-026","article-title":"Using airborne and ground-based ranging lidar to measure canopy structure in Australian forests","volume":"29","author":"Lovell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"3022","article-title":"Estimation of Forest Canopy Chlorophyll Content Based on PROSPECT and SAIL models","volume":"30","author":"Ying","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Spectr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.05.020","article-title":"Sensitivity of spectral reflectance to variation in live fuel moisture content at leaf and canopy level","volume":"92","author":"Bowyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16201","DOI":"10.1038\/nplants.2016.201","article-title":"Global leaf trait estimates biased due to plasticity in the shade","volume":"3","author":"Keenan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"70","article-title":"Response of the Spectral Reflectance to Different Pigments of Summer Maize","volume":"19","author":"Junhua","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Agric. Boreali-Occident. Sin."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"La, Q., Chun-Jiang, Z., Wen-Jiang, H., and Han-Hai, L. (2009). Sensitivity Analysis of Canopy Spectra to Canopy Structural Parameters Based on Multi-temporal Data. Geogr. Geo-Inf. Sci., 25."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Zongjian, Z., Yuyan, L., and Mingchun, G. (2014). Study on the Canopy Structure and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Ginkgo Biloba L.Saplings, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"74","article-title":"Estimation of Effective Leaf Area Index Using UAV-Based LiDAR in Ginkgo Plantations","volume":"56","author":"Xiangqian","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111985","article-title":"Improved estimation of leaf chlorophyll content of row crops from canopy reflectance spectra through minimizing canopy structural effects and optimizing off-noon observation time","volume":"248","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"2248","article-title":"Retrieval of leaf area index of Moso bamboo forest with Landsat Thematic Mapper image based on PR OSAIL canopy radiative transfer model","volume":"24","author":"Ning","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"102027","article-title":"Estimation of leaf area index using PROSAIL based LUT inversion, MLRA-GPR and empirical models: Case study of tropical deciduous forest plantation, North India","volume":"86","author":"Sinha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.04.005","article-title":"Multi-LUTs method for canopy nitrogen density estimation in winter wheat by field and UAV hyperspectral","volume":"162","author":"Zhenhai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4092866","article-title":"Mapping Vegetation Density in a Heterogeneous River Floodplain Ecosystem Using Pointable CHRIS\/PROBA Data","volume":"4","author":"Verrelst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.11.002","article-title":"Machine learning regression algorithms for biophysical parameter retrieval: Opportunities for Sentinel-2 and -3","volume":"118","author":"Verrelst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"134","article-title":"Differences in leaf mass per area, photosynthetic pigments and \u03b413C by orientation and crown position in five greening tree species","volume":"34","author":"Xie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"502","article-title":"Relationship Between Distribution of Relative Light Intensity in Canopy and Yield and Quality of Peach Fruit","volume":"41","author":"Fei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Agric. Sin."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Shaoxuan, L., and Fuliang, C. (2014). Study of Crown Structure Feacture in the Timber Ginkgo, Nanjing Forestry University."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"32","article-title":"Spatial Heterogeneity of Photosynthetic Characterisitics of Pinus tabulaeformis Canopy","volume":"41","author":"Yong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Northeast For. Univ."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1600","article-title":"Analysis of Directional Characteristics of Winter Wheat Canopy Spectra","volume":"30","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Spectr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.22438\/jeb\/38\/4\/MS-222","article-title":"Assessment of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), photosynthetic rate (NPR), biomass and yield of two maize varieties under varied planting dates and nitrogen application","volume":"38","author":"Ghosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"266","article-title":"Effects of Drought Stress on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters in Seedlings of Terminthia paniculata Grown under Different Light level","volume":"26","author":"Wei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Boreali-Occident. Sin."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.03.033","article-title":"Multi-method ensemble selection of spectral bands related to leaf biochemistry","volume":"164","author":"Feilhauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/3\/715\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:13:19Z","timestamp":1760134399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/3\/715"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14030715"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14030715","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]}}}