{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T07:07:35Z","timestamp":1773212855693,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mineral dust aerosols are composed of a complex mixture of silicates, carbonates, oxides, and sulfates. The minerals\u2019 chemical composition and size distribution are vital parameters to evaluate dust environmental impacts. However, the quantification of minerals remains a challenge due to the sparse in situ measurements of dust samples. Here we derive the size-resolved mineralogical composition of airborne dust aerosols from MODIS (Terra and Aqua) satellite-acquired optical measurements and compare it with chemically analyzed elemental (Al, Fe, Ca, Mg) concentrations of aerosols for PM2.5 and PM10 from Chonburi, Chiang Rai, and Bangkok in Thailand, and from Singapore. MODIS-derived mineral retrievals exhibited high correlations with elemental concentrations with R2 \u2265 0.84 for PM2.5 and \u22650.96 for PM10. High mineral dust activity was detected in the vicinity of biomass-burning areas with gypsum and calcite exhibiting tracer characteristics of combustion. The spatiotemporal pattern of the MODIS-derived minerals matched with Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)-derived dust, sulfates, and carbonaceous aerosols, indicating the model\u2019s consistency. Variation in aerosol loading by \u00b190% led to deviation in the mineral concentration by &lt;10%. An uncertainty of 6.4% between AERONET-measured and MODIS-derived AOD corresponds to a &lt; \u00b1 2% uncertainty in MODIS-derived mineral concentration, demonstrating the robustness of the model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T08:38:48Z","timestamp":1644223128000},"page":"761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Understanding Haze: Modeling Size-Resolved Mineral Aerosol from Satellite Remote Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7657-4500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nivedita","family":"Sanwlani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Remote Sensing Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1729-8937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reshmi","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India"},{"name":"Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., and Bex, V. (2013). Clouds and Aerosols. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14800","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14800","article-title":"Dust outpaces bedrock in nutrient supply to montane forest ecosystems","volume":"8","author":"Aciego","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s40641-017-0056-z","article-title":"Aerosol Deposition Impacts on Land and Ocean Carbon Cycles","volume":"3","author":"Mahowald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Clim. Chang. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40641-018-0086-1","article-title":"Climate Feedback on Aerosol Emission and Atmospheric Concentrations","volume":"4","author":"Tegen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Clim. Chang. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FD90032E","article-title":"Clean air in the Anthropocene","volume":"200","author":"Lelieveld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Faraday Discuss."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409277","article-title":"Critical Review of Health Impacts of Wildfire Smoke Exposure","volume":"124","author":"Reid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulze, F., Gao, X., Virzonis, D., Damiati, S., Schneider, M.R., and Kodzius, R. (2017). Air Quality Effects on Human Health and Approaches for Its Assessment through Microfluidic Chips. Genes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes8100244"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6","article-title":"Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: An analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study","volume":"389","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"E69","article-title":"The impact of PM2.5 on the human respiratory system","volume":"8","author":"Xing","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11593","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-11593-2015","article-title":"Predicting the mineral composition of dust aerosols\u2014Part 1: Representing key processes","volume":"15","author":"Perlwitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-537-2015","article-title":"Modeling dust as component minerals in the Community Atmosphere Model: Development of framework and impact on radiative forcing","volume":"15","author":"Scanza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9928","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70809928","article-title":"Aerosol Optical and Microphysical Properties of Four Typical Sites of SONET in China Based on Remote Sensing Measurements","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"10","article-title":"Predicting the mineral composition of dust aerosols: Insights from elemental composition measured at the Iza\u00f1a Observatory","volume":"43","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-1725-2016","article-title":"Trans-Pacific transport and evolution of aerosols: Evaluation of quasi-global WRF-Chem simulation with multiple obser-vations","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2011.06.021","article-title":"Airborne instruments to measure atmospheric aerosol particles, clouds and radiation: A cook\u2019s tour of mature and emerging technology","volume":"102","author":"Baumgardner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8231","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-8231-2011","article-title":"Recent progress in understanding physical and chemical properties of African and Asian mineral dust","volume":"11","author":"Formenti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubovik, O., Sinyuk, A., Lapyonok, T., Holben, B.N., Mishchenko, M., Yang, P., Eck, T.F., Volten, H., Mu\u00f1oz, O., and Veihelmann, B. (2006). Application of spheroid models to account for aerosol particle nonsphericity in remote sensing of desert dust. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 111.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006619"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10341","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD00229","article-title":"Size distribution and scattering phase function of aerosol particles retrieved from sky brightness measurements","volume":"99","author":"Kaufman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10171","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-10171-2013","article-title":"Aerosol physical and chemical properties retrieved from ground-based remote sensing measurements during heavy haze days in Beijing winter","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-1565-2016","article-title":"Remote sensing of soot carbon\u2014Part 1: Distinguishing different absorbing aerosol species","volume":"16","author":"Schuster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-2989-2013","article-title":"The Collection 6 MODIS aerosol products over land and ocean","volume":"6","author":"Levy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9296","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50712","article-title":"Enhanced Deep Blue aerosol retrieval algorithm: The second generation","volume":"118","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.03.001","article-title":"Performance of MODIS Collection 6.1 Level 3 aerosol products in spatial-temporal variations over land","volume":"206","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"12291","article-title":"An Improved High-Spatial-Resolution Aerosol Retrieval Algorithm for MODIS Images Over Land","volume":"123","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geo-Phys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D24S47","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008809","article-title":"Aerosols and surface UV products from Ozone Monitoring Instrument observations: An overview","volume":"112","author":"Torres","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-3801-2014","article-title":"A new data set of soil mineralogy for dust-cycle modeling","volume":"14","author":"Journet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-845-2012","article-title":"Technical Note: High-resolution mineralogical database of dust-productive soils for atmospheric dust modeling","volume":"12","author":"Nickovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D06208","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD005796","article-title":"Mineral dust aerosols in the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Sciences ModelE atmospheric general circulation model","volume":"111","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2003.12.026","article-title":"Modeling the radiative properties of nonspherical soil-derived mineral aerosols","volume":"87","author":"Kalashnikova","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9423","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JD200048","article-title":"Incorporation of mineralogical composition into models of the radiative properties of mineral aerosol from UV to IR wavelengths","volume":"104","author":"Sokolik","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.01.003","article-title":"Spectroscopic analysis of iron-oxide minerals in aerosol particles from northern China","volume":"367","author":"Shen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.0c00140","article-title":"Metal Concentrations and Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Chiang Rai and Bangkok, Thailand during a Biomass Burning Season","volume":"4","author":"Kayee","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118355","article-title":"Sources of atmospheric lead (Pb) after quarter century of phasing out of leaded gasoline in Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"253","author":"Kayee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudnick, R.L., Holland, H.D., and Turekian, K.K. (2003). Composition of the Continental Crust. Treatise on Geochemistry, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-08-043751-6\/03016-4"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.08.017","article-title":"Tropical cirrus cloud contamination in sun photometer data","volume":"45","author":"Chew","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v13i2.9493","article-title":"Techniques of Determinig the Turbidity of the Atmosphere","volume":"13","year":"1961","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1978)035<2153:ASDOBI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Aerosol Size Distributions Obtained by Inversions of Spectral Optical Depth Measurements","volume":"35","author":"King","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Almeida, D.C., Koepke, P., and Shettle, E. (1991). Atmos. Aerosols Global Clima-tology and Radiative Characteristics, A. Deepak Publishing."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Su, J., Li, X., Wang, C., and Ge, J. (2019). Parameterization of The Single-Scattering Properties of Dust Aerosols in Radiative Flux Calculations. Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10120728"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., Shi, Y., Wang, T., and Sun, X. (2017). Dust-concentration measurement based on Mie scattering of a laser beam. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181575"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Lawson, C.L., and Hanson, R.J. (1974). Solving Least Squares Problems, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02931","article-title":"Evaluation of AVIRIS-NG hyperspectral images for mineral identification and mapping","volume":"5","author":"Tripathi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"112","article-title":"Multi- and hyperspectral geologic remote sensing: A review","volume":"14","author":"Hecker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD014601","article-title":"Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer global aerosol product assessment by comparison with the Aerosol Robotic Network","volume":"115","author":"Kahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105003","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/10\/105003","article-title":"Vegetation fires, absorbing aerosols and smoke plume characteristics in diverse biomass burning regions of Asia","volume":"10","author":"Vadrevu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2012.06.005","article-title":"Observing and understanding the Southeast Asian aerosol system by remote sensing: An initial review and analysis for the Seven Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) program","volume":"122","author":"Reid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31333","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900923","article-title":"Wavelength Dependence of the Optical Depth of Biomass Burning, Urban, and Desert Dust Aerosols","volume":"104","author":"Eck","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D05204","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD011033","article-title":"Vertical structure and horizontal gradients of aerosol extinction coefficients over coastal India inferred from airborne lidar measurements during the Integrated Campaign for Aerosol, Gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB) field campaign","volume":"114","author":"Satheesh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(97)00173-3","article-title":"Mineralogical and chemical modifications in soils affected by a forest fire in the Mediterranean area","volume":"204","author":"Iglesias","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-199311000-00008","article-title":"Wood-Ash Composition and Soil Ph Following Intense Burning","volume":"156","author":"Ulery","year":"1993","journal-title":"Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, B., Rai, S.P., Kumar, U.S., Verma, S.K., Garg, P., Kumar, S.V.V., Jaiswal, R., Purendra, B.K., and Pande, N.G. (2010). Isotopic characteristics of Indian precipitation. Water Resour. Res., 46.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009WR008532"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2015.05.009","article-title":"Chemical composition of rainwater and the acid neutralizing effect at Beijing and Chizhou city, China","volume":"164","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12740","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021668","article-title":"Dominance of goethite over hematite in iron oxides of mineral dust from Western Africa: Quantitative partitioning by X-ray absorption spectroscopy","volume":"119","author":"Formenti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2012.03.001","article-title":"Impacts on iron solubility in the mineral dust by processes in the source region and the atmosphere: A review","volume":"5","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aeolian Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2013.08.001","article-title":"Composition of dust deposited to snow cover in the Wasatch Range (Utah, USA): Controls on radiative properties of snow cover and comparison to some dust-source sediments","volume":"15","author":"Reynolds","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aeolian Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1105959","article-title":"Global Iron Connections Between Desert Dust, Ocean Biogeochemistry, and Climate","volume":"308","author":"Jickells","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6535","DOI":"10.1021\/es9010256","article-title":"Neutralization of Calcite in Mineral Aerosols by Acidic Sulfur Species Collected in China and Japan Studied by Ca K-edge X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure","volume":"43","author":"Takahashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.1021\/es061943k","article-title":"Characterization and Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter \u2264 2.5 \u03bcm in Sumatra, Indonesia, during a Recent Peat Fire Episode","volume":"41","author":"See","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2012.05.024","article-title":"Chemical speciation of trace metals emitted from Indonesian peat fires for health risk assessment","volume":"122","author":"Betha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.04.066","article-title":"An overview of regional experiments on biomass burning aerosols and related pollutants in Southeast Asia: From BASE-ASIA and the Dongsha Experiment to 7-SEAS","volume":"78","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-2507-2016","article-title":"Interpreting the ultraviolet aerosol index observed with the OMI satellite instrument to understand absorption by organic aerosols: Implications for atmospheric oxidation and direct radiative effects","volume":"16","author":"Hammer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10637","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-10637-2011","article-title":"Aerosol climatology over Nile Delta based on MODIS, MISR and OMI satellite data","volume":"11","author":"Marey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.06.058","article-title":"Aerosol climatology and discrimination of aerosol types retrieved from MODIS, MISR and OMI over Durban (29.88\u00b0S, 31.02\u00b0E), South Africa","volume":"117","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatia, N., Tolpekin, V.A., Stein, A., and Reusen, I. (2018). Estimation of AOD Under Uncertainty: An Approach for Hyperspectral Airborne Data. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060947"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Egan, W.G., and Hilgeman, T.W. (1979). Optical Properties of Inhomogeneous Materials: Applications to Geology, Astronomy, Chemistry, and Engineering, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.17.000353","article-title":"Complex refractive index of limestone in the visible and infrared","volume":"17","author":"Querry","year":"1978","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Querry, M.R. (1985). Optical Constants."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.55.001205","article-title":"Interspecimen comparison of the refractive index of fused silica","volume":"55","author":"Malitson","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-4018(99)00091-7","article-title":"Dispersion-equation coefficients for the refractive index and birefringence of calcite and quartz crystals","volume":"163","author":"Ghosh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0891(93)90008-U","article-title":"Optical properties of calcite and gypsum in crystalline and powdered form in the infrared and far-infrared","volume":"34","author":"Long","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infrared Phys."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/3\/761\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:15:18Z","timestamp":1760134518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/3\/761"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14030761"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14030761","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]}}}