{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T11:33:13Z","timestamp":1771327993320,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42001054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41931180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41931180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20200828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200828"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program","award":["2019QZKK0201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we applied small baseline subset-interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SBAS-InSAR) to monitor the ground surface deformation from 2017 to 2020 in the permafrost region within an ~400 km \u00d7 230 km area covering the northern and southern slopes of Mt. Geladandong, Tanggula Mountains on the Tibetan Plateau. During SBAS-InSAR processing, we inverted the network of interferograms into a deformation time series using a weighted least square estimator without a preset deformation model. The deformation curves of various permafrost states in the Tanggula Mountain region were revealed in detail for the first time. The study region undergoes significant subsidence. Over the subsiding terrain, the average subsidence rate was 9.1 mm\/a; 68.1% of its area had a subsidence rate between 5 and 20 mm\/a, while just 0.7% of its area had a subsidence rate larger than 30 mm\/a. The average peak-to-peak seasonal deformation was 19.7 mm. There is a weak positive relationship (~0.3) between seasonal amplitude (water storage in the active layer) and long-term deformation velocity (ground ice melting). By examining the deformation time series of subsiding terrain with different subsidence levels, we also found that thaw subsidence was not restricted to the summer and autumn thawing times but could last until the following winter, and in this circumstance, the winter uplift was greatly weakened. Two import indices for indicating permafrost deformation properties, i.e., long-term deformation trend and seasonal deformation magnitude, were extracted by direct calculation and model approximations of deformation time series and compared with each other. The comparisons showed that the long-term velocity by different calculations was highly consistent, but the intra-annual deformation magnitudes by the model approximations were larger than those of the intra-annual highest-lowest elevation difference. The findings improve the understanding of deformation properties in the degrading permafrost environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T21:26:48Z","timestamp":1644442008000},"page":"811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Permafrost Ground Ice Melting and Deformation Time Series Revealed by Sentinel-1 InSAR in the Tanggula Mountain Region on the Tibetan Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lingxiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0245-8413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0964-7735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huayun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China"}]},{"given":"Shibo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2878-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erji","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4445-224X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Defu","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7590-0412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangyue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9430-0551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"French, H.M. (2017). The Periglacial Environment, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119132820"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-232X(83)90017-4","article-title":"The mechanism of repeated-segregation for the formation of thick layered ground ice","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cold Reg. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.518","article-title":"The transient layer: Implications for geocryology and climate-change science","volume":"16","author":"Shur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Permafr. Periglac. Process."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.3430010104","article-title":"Some observations on the growth and deformation of epigenetic, syngenetic and anti-syngenetic ice wedges","volume":"1","author":"Mackay","year":"1990","journal-title":"Permafr. Periglac. Process."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/jqs.3390030106","article-title":"The development of near-surface ground ice during the Holocene at sites near Mayo, Yukon Territory, Canada","volume":"3","author":"Burn","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Quat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.1918","article-title":"Thaw subsidence in undisturbed tundra landscapes, Barrow, Alaska, 1962\u20132015","volume":"28","author":"Streletskiy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Permafr. Periglac. Process."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6356","DOI":"10.1002\/2013GL058295","article-title":"Isotropic thaw subsidence in undisturbed permafrost landscapes","volume":"40","author":"Shiklomanov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-151-2015","article-title":"Observing Muostakh disappear: Permafrost thaw subsidence and erosion of a ground-ice-rich island in response to arctic summer warming and sea ice reduction","volume":"9","author":"Overduin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2006.07.040","article-title":"Fifty years of coastal erosion and retrogressive thaw slump activity on Herschel Island, southern Beaufort Sea, Yukon Territory, Canada","volume":"95","author":"Lantuit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.1779","article-title":"Advances in thermokarst research","volume":"24","author":"Kokelj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Permafr. Periglac. Process."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.1777","article-title":"Recent progress regarding permafrost coasts","volume":"24","author":"Lantuit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Permafr. Periglac. Process."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07557-4","article-title":"Degrading permafrost puts Arctic infrastructure at risk by mid-century","volume":"9","author":"Hjort","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-11-2527-2017","article-title":"A new map of permafrost distribution on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"11","author":"Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.2056","article-title":"Changing climate and the permafrost environment on the Qinghai-Tibet (Xizang) Plateau","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Permafr. Periglac. Process."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Zhao, L., and Sheng, Y. (2019). Permafrost and Environment Changes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Science Press. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-012-0927-2","article-title":"Permafrost and groundwater on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and in northeast China","volume":"21","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5550","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL073773","article-title":"Lake volume and groundwater storage variations in Tibetan Plateau\u2019s endorheic basin","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL070781","article-title":"Large-scale InSAR monitoring of permafrost freeze-thaw cycles on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"44","author":"Daout","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-15-2041-2021","article-title":"Top-of-permafrost ground ice indicated by remotely sensed late-season subsidence","volume":"15","author":"Zwieback","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonova, S., Sudhaus, H., Strozzi, T., Zwieback, S., K\u00e4\u00e4b, A., Heim, B., Langer, M., Bornemann, N., and Boike, J. (2018). Thaw Subsidence of a Yedoma Landscape in Northern Siberia, Measured In Situ and Estimated from TerraSAR-X Interferometry. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10040494"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"InSAR analysis of surface deformation over permafrost to estimate active layer thickness based on one-dimensional heat transfer model of soils","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"F3","article-title":"InSAR measurements of surface deformation over permafrost on the North Slope of Alaska","volume":"115","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-14-1633-2020","article-title":"InSAR time series analysis of seasonal surface displacement dynamics on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"14","author":"Reinosch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2020.116404","article-title":"Ice loss in the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau permafrost as seen by 16 yr of ESA SAR missions","volume":"545","author":"Daout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112011","article-title":"Lake outburst accelerated permafrost degradation on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"249","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5199","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2019.2954104","article-title":"Deformation feature analysis of Qinghai\u2013Tibet railway using TerraSAR-X and Sentinel-1A time-series interferometry","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Wang, C., Tang, Y., Zhang, B., Wu, F., Wang, J., and Zhang, Z. (2019). Time-series InSAR monitoring of permafrost freeze-thaw seasonal displacement over Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau using Sentinel-1 data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11091000"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JF004618","article-title":"Using persistent scatterer interferometry to map and quantify permafrost thaw subsidence: A case study of Eboling Mountain on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"123","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84336","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988482","article-title":"Active layer thickness retrieval over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using Sentinel-1 multitemporal InSAR monitored Permafrost subsidence and temporal-spatial multilayer soil moisture data","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartsch, A., Leibman, M., Strozzi, T., Khomutov, A., Widhalm, B., Babkina, E., Mullanurov, D., Ermokhina, K., Kroisleitner, C., and Bergstedt, H. (2019). Seasonal progression of ground displacement identified with satellite radar interferometry and the impact of unusually warm conditions on permafrost at the Yamal Peninsula in 2016. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11161865"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Schaefer, K., Zhang, T., and Walhr, J. (2012). Estimating 1992\u20132000 average active layer thickness on the Alaskan North Slope from remotely sensed surface subsidence. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JF002041"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803792","article-title":"A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms","volume":"40","author":"Berardino","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.137","article-title":"Monitoring of aeolian desertification on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from the 1970s to 2015 using Landsat images","volume":"619","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2016.09.005","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the relative roles of climate change and human activities in desertification processes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on net primary productivity","volume":"147","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"No protection of permafrost due to desertification on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preliminary results of permafrost investigation on northern and southern slopes of Mt. Geladandong, interior Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Glaciol. Geocryol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Zhang, X., Zhou, J., Tang, W., Ding, L., Ma, J., and Zhang, X. (2019). Daily 1-km All-Weather Land Surface Temperature Dataset for Western China, National Tibetan Plateau Data Center."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112437","article-title":"A practical reanalysis data and thermal infrared remote sensing data merging (RTM) method for reconstruction of a 1-km all-weather land surface temperature","volume":"260","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021294","article-title":"Satellite radar interferometry time series analysis of surface deformation for Los Angeles, California","volume":"31","author":"Lanari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.810675","article-title":"A least squares database approach for SAR interferometric data","volume":"41","author":"Usai","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3436","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2001756","article-title":"On the exploitation of target statistics for SAR interferometry applications","volume":"46","author":"Guarnieri","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"567","article-title":"A statistical description of polarimetric and interferometric synthetic aperture radar data","volume":"449","author":"Tough","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Math. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JB010588","article-title":"Improving InSAR geodesy using global atmospheric models","volume":"119","author":"Jolivet","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2227761","article-title":"DEM error correction in InSAR time series","volume":"51","author":"Fattahi","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2019.104331","article-title":"Small baseline InSAR time series analysis: Unwrapping error correction and noise reduction","volume":"133","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112778","article-title":"Magnitudes and patterns of large-scale permafrost ground deformation revealed by Sentinel-1 InSAR on the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"268","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.006","article-title":"Surface deformation detected by ALOS PALSAR small baseline SAR interferometry over permafrost environment of Beiluhe section, Tibet Plateau, China","volume":"138","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-15-149-2021","article-title":"Insights into a remote cryosphere: A multi-method approach to assess permafrost occurrence at the Qugaqie basin, western Nyainq\u00eantanglha Range, Tibetan Plateau","volume":"15","author":"Buckel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112007","article-title":"Active layer freeze-thaw and water storage dynamics in permafrost environments inferred from InSAR","volume":"248","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.873207","article-title":"On the extension of the minimum cost flow algorithm for phase unwrapping of multitemporal differential SAR interferograms","volume":"44","author":"Pepe","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1139\/e02-068","article-title":"The first 20 years (1978\u20131979 to 1998\u20131999) of active-layer development, Illisarvik experimental drained lake site, western Arctic coast, Canada","volume":"39","author":"Mackay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1139\/e83-012","article-title":"Downward water movement into frozen ground, western arctic coast, Canada","volume":"20","author":"Mackay","year":"1983","journal-title":"Can. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Shroder, J.F. (2013). The development and history of glacial and periglacial geomorphology. Treatise on Geomorphology, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.10.016","article-title":"RADARSAT-2 D-InSAR for ground displacement in permafrost terrain, validation from Iqaluit Airport, Baffin Island, Canada","volume":"141","author":"Short","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111965","article-title":"Sentinel-1 InSAR measurements of deformation over discontinuous permafrost terrain, Northern Quebec, Canada","volume":"248","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.615","article-title":"Recent advances in permafrost modelling","volume":"19","author":"Riseborough","year":"2008","journal-title":"Permafr. Periglac. Process."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3906","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL060533","article-title":"InSAR detects increase in surface subsidence caused by an Arctic tundra fire","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-8-815-2014","article-title":"Seasonal thaw settlement at drained thermokarst lake basins, Arctic Alaska","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strozzi, T., Antonova, S., G\u00fcnther, F., M\u00e4tzler, E., Vieira, G., Wegm\u00fcller, U., Westermann, S., and Bartsch, A. (2018). Sentinel-1 SAR interferometry for surface deformation monitoring in low-land permafrost areas. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091360"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., G\u00fcnther, F., Grosse, G., Liu, L., and Lin, H. (2018). Sentinel-1 InSAR measurements of elevation changes over Yedoma uplands on Sobo-Sise Island, Lena Delta. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071152"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"114","article-title":"Surface-deformation monitoring in the permafrost regions over the Tibetan Plateau, using Sentinel-1 data","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Cold Arid. Reg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2014.923943","article-title":"Permafrost environment monitoring on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using time series ASAR images","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016006","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.10.016006","article-title":"Comparison of ALOS PALSAR interferometry and field geodetic leveling for marshy soil thaw\/freeze monitoring, case study from the Baikal lake region, Russia","volume":"10","author":"Chimitdorzhiev","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111236","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics of a permafrost landscape, Adventdalen, Svalbard, investigated by InSAR","volume":"231","author":"Rouyet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rouyet, L., Liu, L., Strand, S., Christiansen, H., Lauknes, T., and Larsen, Y. (2021). Seasonal InSAR displacements documenting the active layer freeze and thaw progression in central-western Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13152977"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"51","article-title":"Seasonal and multi-year surface displacements measured by DInSAR in a High Arctic permafrost environment","volume":"64","author":"Rudy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4074","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2707337","article-title":"Comparison of TerraSAR-X and ALOS PALSAR differential interferometry with multisource DEMs for monitoring ground displacement in a discontinuous permafrost region","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Wang, M., Wu, Z., and Liu, X. (2019). Permafrost deformation monitoring along the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau engineering corridor using InSAR observations with multi-sensor SAR datasets from 1997\u20132018. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235306"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.07.019","article-title":"Monitoring surface deformation over permafrost with an improved SBAS-InSAR algorithm: With emphasis on climatic factors modeling","volume":"184","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/4\/811\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:16:42Z","timestamp":1760134602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/4\/811"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14040811"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14040811","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]}}}