{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T02:02:04Z","timestamp":1780624924835,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFE0125900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFE0125900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52178067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52178067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The perceived quality of street lighting influences pedestrians\u2019 perceptions of safety and visual comfort, as well as outdoors activities at night. This study explores the association between street lighting attributes, such as illuminance and wavelength, and pedestrians\u2019 feeling of safety (FoS) and perceived lighting quality (PLQ) in eight residential districts in Dalian, China. To achieve this goal, we combine remote sensing technology with ground investigation. The ground research includes physical measurements of lighting attributes, such as intensity, color temperature, and glare, as well as survey evaluations of pedestrians\u2019 perceptions of safety and visual comfort. We also analyze the influence of several environmental factors, such as traffic volumes and vegetation, while accounting for personal characteristics of the observers, such as gender and age. Findings from the remote sensing reveal that Dalian\u2019s residential districts differ substantially by their nighttime light emissions, with high concentration of strong red band (i.e., long wavelength) emissions occurring in Zhongshan and Jinzhou, and strong blue band (i.e., short wavelength) emissions found in central Zhongshan. Results from the ground surveys further indicate that a satisfactory level of FoS reaches at the illumination levels of 5\u201317 lx, and that people feel safer if nighttime light is warm and uniform. From a multiple regression analysis, it is also found that illuminance and uniformity are the main factors affecting PLQ under conditions of low or high illuminance, while glare and color temperature play a more significant role under high illuminance. In addition, a satisfactory level of PLQ is found at illuminance levels of 25\u201335 lx and light color temperature of 4000 K\u20135500 K.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T02:35:51Z","timestamp":1644546951000},"page":"826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Evaluating Street Lighting Quality in Residential Areas by Combining Remote Sensing Tools and a Survey on Pedestrians\u2019 Perceptions of Safety and Visual Comfort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ming","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Fine Art, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baogang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Building Environment and New Energy Resources, Faculty of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Fine Art, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Fine Art, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1537-0832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris A.","family":"Portnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5865-5195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamar","family":"Trop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weili","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Observation Hainan Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huichan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Observation Hainan Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Fine Art, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Fine Art, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elvidge, C.D., Erwin, E.H., Baugh, K.E., Ziskin, D., Tuttle, B.T., Ghosh, T., and Sutton, P.C. 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