{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T19:58:20Z","timestamp":1773172700507,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNH18ZDA001N-PMMST"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNH18ZDA001N-PMMST"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The primary goal of the dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) aboard the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory satellite is to infer precipitation rate and raindrop\/particle size distributions (DSD\/PSD). The focus of this paper is threefold: (1) to describe the DPR retrieval algorithm that uses an adjustable relationship between rain rate (R) and the mass-weighted diameter (Dm) or an R-Dm relationship in solving for R and Dm simultaneously; (2) to evaluate the DPR algorithm based on the physical simulations that employ measured DSD\/PSD to understand the mechanism and error characteristics of the retrieval method; (3) to review ground validation studies for DPR products as well as to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of ground radar and rain gauge\/disdrometer validations. Overall, the DPR Version 6 algorithm provides reasonably accurate estimates of R and Dm in rain. Non-uniformity in the rain profile, however, tends to degrade the accuracy of the R and Dm estimates to some extent as the range-independent assumption of the adjustable parameter (\u03b5) of the R-Dm relation is not able to fully account for natural variation of DSD in the vertical profile. The DPR snow rate is underestimated as compared with the independent dual-frequency ratio (DFR) technique. This is possibly the result of the constraint associated with the path integral attenuation (PIA)\/differential PIA (\u03b4PIA) used in the DPR algorithm to find the best \u03b5 and range-independent \u03b5 assumption. A range-variable \u03b5 model, proposed in the DPR Version 7 algorithm, is expected to improve rain and snow retrieval.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T02:40:17Z","timestamp":1644547217000},"page":"843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["GPM DPR Retrievals: Algorithm, Evaluation, and Validation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Liang","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Goddard Earth Science Technology & Research, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Meneghini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00164.1","article-title":"The global precipitation measurement mission","volume":"95","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. 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