{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T19:51:59Z","timestamp":1776369119811,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42171129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glacier surges (GSs) are a manifestation of glacier instability and one of the most striking phenomena in the mountain cryosphere. Here, we utilize optical images acquired between 1973 and 2021 to map changes in glacier surface velocity and morphology and characterize differences in surface elevation using multi-source DEMs in the Tuanjie Peak (TJP), located in the Qilian Mountains (QLMs). These data provide valuable insights into the recent dynamic evolution of glaciers and hint at how they might evolve in the next few years. We identified a confirmed surge-type glacier (STG), three likely STGs, and three possible STGs. Our observations show that TJP GSs are generally long-term, although they are shorter in some cases. During the active phase, all glaciers exhibit thickened reservoir areas and thinned receiving areas, or vice-versa. The ice volume transfer was between 0.11 \u00b1 0.13 \u00d7 107 m3 to 5.71 \u00b1 0.69 \u00d7 107 m3. Although it was impossible to obtain integrated velocity profiles throughout the glacier surge process due to the limitations of available satellite imagery, our recent observations show that winter velocities were much higher than summer velocities, suggesting an obvious correlation between surge dynamics and glacial hydrology. However, the initiation and termination phase of GSs in this region was slow, which is similar to Svalbard-type STGs. We hypothesize that both thermal and hydrological controls are crucial. Moreover, we suggest that the regional warming trend may potentially increase glacier instability and the possibility of surge occurrence in this region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T20:34:45Z","timestamp":1644784485000},"page":"852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Evolution of the Glacier Surges in the Tuanjie Peak, the Qilian Mountains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0473-1463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongpeng","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"},{"name":"Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9625-7497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiyin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"},{"name":"Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"},{"name":"Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3127-9473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environment Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"},{"name":"Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fuming","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"},{"name":"Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunpeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"},{"name":"Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2983-1628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Saifullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture Multan, Multan 66000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03436-z","article-title":"Accelerated global glacier mass loss in the early twenty-first century","volume":"592","author":"Hugonnet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-019-0300-3","article-title":"A consensus estimate for the ice thickness distribution of all glaciers on Earth","volume":"12","author":"Farinotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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