{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T16:50:37Z","timestamp":1772815837445,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the Great Plains of central North America, sustainable livestock production is dependent on matching the timing of forage availability and quality with animal intake demands. Advances in remote sensing technology provide accurate information for forage quantity. However, similar efforts for forage quality are lacking. Crude protein (CP) content is one of the most relevant forage quality determinants of individual animal intake, especially below an 8% threshold for growing animals. In a set of shortgrass steppe paddocks with contrasting botanical composition, we (1) modeled the spatiotemporal variation in field estimates of CP content against seven spectral MODIS bands, and (2) used the model to assess the risk of reaching the 8% CP content threshold during the grazing season for paddocks with light, moderate, or heavy grazing intensities for the last 22 years (2000\u20132021). Our calibrated model explained up to 69% of the spatiotemporal variation in CP content. Different from previous investigations, our model was partially independent of NDVI, as it included the green and red portions of the spectrum as direct predictors of CP content. From 2000 to 2021, the model predicted that CP content was a limiting factor for growth of yearling cattle in 80% of the years for about 60% of the mid-May to October grazing season. The risk of forage quality being below the CP content threshold increases as the grazing season progresses, suggesting that ranchers across this rangeland region could benefit from remotely sensed CP content to proactively remove yearling cattle earlier than the traditional October date or to strategically provide supplemental protein sources to grazing cattle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T20:34:45Z","timestamp":1644784485000},"page":"854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Remotely Sensed Spatiotemporal Variation in Crude Protein of Shortgrass Steppe Forage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8610-3040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Gonzalo N.","family":"Irisarri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton EX20 2SB, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6036-6042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Durante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Experimental Agropecuaria Concepci\u00f3n del Uruguay, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA), Concepcion del Uruguay 3260, Argentina"},{"name":"Programa Pasturas y Forrajes, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental INIA Tacuaremb\u00f3, Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Agropecuaria (INIA), Tacuaremb\u00f3 45000, Uruguay"}]},{"given":"Justin D.","family":"Derner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit, Cheyenne, WY 82009, USA"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Oesterheld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiol\u00f3gicas y Ecol\u00f3gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura, Buenos Aires 1417, Argentina"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Augustine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holechek, J.L., Vavra, M., and Arthijn, D. 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