{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T08:20:51Z","timestamp":1765354851861,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]],"date-time":"2022-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The search for clouds in satellite images is a challenging subject which still attracts a lot of attention due to the amount and quality of data, which is growing at a tremendous pace, the development of satellite techniques and methods, inexpensive equipment, and automation of satellite imaging processes. This paper presents a new approach to the assessment of cloudiness based on the use of the theory of moments with invariants. The values of moments with invariants, determined on the basis of the available cloudiness maps, create a new, valuable set of data, which are the geometrical parameters of the scene representing the cloud cover. In further research, the obtained data sets will be used in machine learning methods, deep machine learning methods, etc. The method is used for different conditions, including different angular positions of the Sun and time periods. The effectiveness of the method is checked on the basis of comparing the entropy results of the input maps after subtracting clouds masked by various methods. The obtained results additionally indicate the potential of the moments method as a support for the existing methods of estimating cloudiness over the sea surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T20:34:45Z","timestamp":1644784485000},"page":"883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Application of Shape Moments for Cloudiness Assessment in Marine Environmental Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8506-0648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Paszkuta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, al. Marsza\u0142ka Pi\u0142sudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7930-3009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Kr\u0119\u017cel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, al. Marsza\u0142ka Pi\u0142sudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0077-5992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Ry\u0142ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Telecommunications, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.06.004","article-title":"Statistical cloud detection from SEVIRI multispectral images","volume":"112","author":"Amato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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