{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T09:05:14Z","timestamp":1768208714665,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Programs for National Key R&amp;D Program of China (2018YFC1407200, 2018YFC1407203) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41976212).","award":["2018YFC1407200, 2018YFC1407203 and 41976212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1407200, 2018YFC1407203 and 41976212"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The seasonal and regional variability of Arctic sea ice area (SIA) and thickness (SIT) were investigated between 1979 and 2020 for the Atlantic sector (AS), Pacific sector (PS) and Barents\u2013Kara Seas (BKSs). We applied the SIA data from remote sensing observations and SIT data from numerical model calculations. We found the large summer variability of SIA and SIT in AS and PS compared with those in winter. The opposite feature was seen in the BKSs. The annual declining rates of SIA and SIT were the largest in PS (\u22121.73 \u00d7 104 km2 yr\u22121) and AS (\u22123.36 \u00d7 10\u22122 m yr\u22121), respectively. The SIA variability was modest for winter PS and the northern Canadian Arctic Archipelago of AS. The annual and winter SIA flux from PS to AS gradually increased in 1979\u20132020; the summer SIA flux accounted for 11% of the PS summer SIA decline. The annual and seasonal SIA outflow through the Fram Strait during 1979\u20132020 steadily increased while for annual and winter SIA export, the increase mainly occurred in 1979\u20132000; the summer SIA outflow was only 1.45% equivalent to the decrease in the entire Arctic summer SIA. We concluded that sea ice export was not a major impact factor on the seasonal and regional decline of SIA and SIT except for the individual years. The near surface air temperature (SAT) and sea surface temperature (SST) were responsible for the retreat and thinning of the sea ice. The dramatic increase in SAT in winter resulted in a strong decrease in winter sea ice in BKS. The outgoing longwave radiation had significant negative correlations with SIA and SIT and positive correlations with SAT and SST. The Atlantic multi-decadal oscillation, related to the North Atlantic Ocean\u2019s SST anomalies, had significant negative correlations with SIA and SIT. The SIT had higher correlations with the atmospheric and oceanic factors compared with SIA, which indicates that SIT is important for predictions of Arctic sea ice and climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T20:58:03Z","timestamp":1644872283000},"page":"904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Roles of Sea Ice Export, Atmospheric and Oceanic Factors in the Seasonal and Regional Variability of Arctic Sea Ice during 1979\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Academy of Big Data, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0212-4069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changqing","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8156-8412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6161-6050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dexuan","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and GeoInformation Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-13-1423-2019","article-title":"Contributions of advection and melting processes to the decline in sea ice in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean","volume":"13","author":"Bi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105005","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aae3ec","article-title":"Arctic sea ice thickness, volume, and multiyear ice coverage: Losses and coupled variability (1958\u20132018)","volume":"13","author":"Kwok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. 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