{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T07:05:34Z","timestamp":1784703934282,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the continuous use of resources, solar energy is expected to be the most used sustainable energy. To improve the solar energy efficiency in Chinese Solar Greenhouses (CSG), the effect of CSG orientation on intercepted solar radiation was systematically studied. By using a 3D CSG model and a detailed crop canopy model, the light environment within CSG was optimized. Taking the most widely used Liao-Shen type Chinese solar greenhouse (CSG-LS) as the prototype, the simulation was fully verified. The intercepted solar radiation of the maintenance structures and crops was used as the evaluation index. The results showed that the highest amount of solar radiation intercepted by the maintenance structures occurred in the CSG orientations of 4\u20136\u00b0 south to west (S-W) in 36.8\u00b0 N and 38\u00b0 N areas, 8\u201310\u00b0 S-W in 41.8\u00b0 N areas, and 2\u20134\u00b0 south to east (S-E) in 43.6\u00b0 N areas. The solar radiation intercepted by the crop canopy displayed the highest value at an orientation of 2\u20134\u00b0 S-W in 36.8\u00b0 N, 38\u00b0 N, 43.6\u00b0 N areas, and 4\u20136\u00b0 S-W in the 41.8\u00b0 N area. Furthermore, the proposed model could provide scientific guidance for greenhouse crop modelling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T20:58:03Z","timestamp":1644872283000},"page":"912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Determination of the Optimal Orientation of Chinese Solar Greenhouses Using 3D Light Environment Simulations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Anhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0673-3873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Henke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Sciences Core Facility, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 60177 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8764-5589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianlai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s11708-017-0464-8","article-title":"A comprehensive review of greenhouse shapes and its applications","volume":"13","author":"Sahdev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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