{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T07:18:18Z","timestamp":1776496698036,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFA0608800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0608800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41821004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41821004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are prolonged discrete events of anomalously warm seawater observed around the world. The occurrence of MHWs in the Japan\/East Sea (JES), a middle latitude marginal sea with abundant aquatic resources, has severe impacts on marine ecosystems and human society. We used satellite remote sensing products spanning 1982\u20132020 to investigate the mean states and variations of JES MHWs. The results show that the JES MHWs occurred twice per year. More than 40% of the MHWs were shorter than the mean duration of 12.6 days and weaker than the mean intensity of 2.4 \u00b0C. Frequent MHWs were observed in August, while high mean intensities were observed in winter and spring in the western JES. In recent years, the area\u2019s averaged yearly sum of MHW intensity in the JES has increased dramatically, with a positive trend of 29.62 \u00b0C days per decade\u2014over twice the average global trend (12.37 \u00b0C days per decade), which is further confirmed by its first empirical orthogonal function mode. The strengthening trend in MHWs may be explained by oceanic dynamics rather than atmospheric forcing, and may result in increased surface latent heat flux from the ocean to the atmosphere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T22:44:47Z","timestamp":1644965087000},"page":"936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Characteristics of Marine Heatwaves in the Japan\/East Sea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dingqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"First Institute of Oceanography, and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6181-1742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tengfei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Institute of Oceanography, and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao 266061, China"}]},{"given":"Guohong","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Institute of Oceanography, and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao 266061, China"}]},{"given":"Shumin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"First Institute of Oceanography, and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"}]},{"given":"Guanlin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Institute of Oceanography, and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao 266061, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1217-6973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zexun","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Institute of Oceanography, and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao 266061, China"}]},{"given":"Yonggang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Institute of Oceanography, and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao 266061, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2015.12.014","article-title":"A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves","volume":"141","author":"Hobday","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. 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