{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T14:59:01Z","timestamp":1771685941683,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41674041, 11203059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41674041, 11203059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST","award":["YESS20200308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YESS20200308"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M690192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M690192"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005024","name":"Beijing Postdoctoral Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-ZZ-088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-ZZ-088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Focusing on the global integrity monitoring performance of the BDS-3, the integrity failure model and effect analysis (IFMEA) of the system space segment and the ground control segment were carried out, and the system integrity risk tree model was established according to the IFMEA results. To evaluate the system\u2019s integrity risk probability more reasonably, this paper establishes an abnormal event prediction model with a Bayesian method, based on actual operation data, under a situation in which the BDS-3 just opened service. With statistical analysis results of system anomalies since 27 December 2018\u2014which is the date the BDS-3 began providing basic service\u2014according to the anomaly prediction model, the system\u2019s integrity risk probability under the 95% confidence limit was calculated to be approximately 0.9e-7\/h, meeting the design index requirements of 1e-7\/h. The analysis results also show that the main risk factors affecting the integrity of BDS-3 are \u2018pseudorange measurement anomaly\u2019 and \u2018miss-detection of satellite autonomous integrity monitoring\u2019. The results are important references with practical engineering significance for improving the integrity performance of BDS-3.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T22:44:47Z","timestamp":1644965087000},"page":"944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["BDS-3 Integrity Risk Modeling and Probability Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Navigation and Location-Based Services, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Tracking & Telecommunication Technology, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Weiguang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Tracking & Telecommunication Technology, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4482-1535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhigang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road No.129, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Yueling","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Navigation and Location-Based Services, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Tracking & Telecommunication Technology, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Tracking & Telecommunication Technology, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Xuanzuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road No.129, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6694-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing BDStar Navigation Co., Ltd., Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1813-3162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronghua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s43020-019-0006-0","article-title":"Basic performance and future developments of BeiDou global navigation satellite system","volume":"1","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Satell. 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