{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T21:50:49Z","timestamp":1772056249416,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. 41905042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 41905042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Research Project of Large Research Infrastructures of CAS","award":["\"Study on the interaction between low\/mid-latitude atmosphere and ionosphere based on the Chinese Meridian Project\""],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\"Study on the interaction between low\/mid-latitude atmosphere and ionosphere based on the Chinese Meridian Project\""]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Based on three years of data observed by Beijing MST radar between 2012 and 2014, this study gives the distribution characteristics of the turbulence energy dissipation rate \u03b5 and the vertical turbulence diffusion coefficient Kz in the troposphere\u2013lower stratosphere over Beijing based on the spectral width method. Additionally, from the perspective of atmospheric stability expressed by the Brunt\u2013V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4 frequency N and the gradient Richardson number Ri, the seasonal variations of turbulence parameters at different heights are analyzed. The results show that \u03b5 (Kz) is distributed in the range of 10\u22124 to 10\u22121.5 m2 s\u22123 (100 to 101 m2 s\u22121), with median values of 10\u22123 to 10\u22122.5 m2 s\u22123 (100.4 to 100.75 m2 s\u22121). In the height range of \u22121 km to about +1 km from the tropopause, the profiles of \u03b5 have no noticeable seasonal difference from October to next May, and \u03b5 increases sharply with the slope of linear regression \u2207log(\u03b5)\/\u2207h = 0.25 (m2 s\u22123) km\u22121. The seasonal variation of turbulence parameters has noticeable differences at different atmospheric layers. Furthermore, the atmospheric static\/dynamic stability and turbulence intensity are the influencing factors of turbulence parameters. From the tropopause to 14 km, the values of \u03b5 and N both have a peak from October to next May, and this peak layer disappears from July to August. Within the range of 2\u20134 km from the ground, Kz and the frequency of Ri &lt; 0.25 have a significant positive correlation, with a Pearson correlation coefficient greater than 0.5, and both have large value layers in March to May and September to October. The turbulence intensity above 15 km is likely the main factor affecting the turbulence dissipation rate and vertical turbulence diffusion coefficient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T22:44:47Z","timestamp":1644965087000},"page":"947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Turbulence Parameters in the Troposphere\u2014Lower Stratosphere Observed by Beijing MST Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7515-5934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ze","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Xianghe Observatory of Whole Atmosphere, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xianghe, Langfang 065400, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3796-5784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufang","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Xianghe Observatory of Whole Atmosphere, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xianghe, Langfang 065400, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Daren","family":"L\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Xianghe Observatory of Whole Atmosphere, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xianghe, Langfang 065400, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1974)013<0488:SMEFHA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Stratospheric Mixing Estimated from High-Altitude Turbulence Measurements","volume":"13","author":"Lilly","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. 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