{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T01:28:49Z","timestamp":1781659729281,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Germany Federal Ministry for Digital and Transportation","award":["19F2054A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19F2054A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Riparian zones fulfill diverse ecological and economic functions. Sustainable management requires detailed spatial information about vegetation and hydromorphological properties. In this study, we propose a machine learning classification workflow to map classes of the thematic levels Basic surface types (BA), Vegetation units (VE), Dominant stands (DO) and Substrate types (SU) based on multispectral imagery from an unmanned aerial system (UAS). A case study was carried out in Emmericher Ward on the river Rhine, Germany. The results showed that: (I) In terms of overall accuracy, classification results decreased with increasing detail of classes from BA (88.9%) and VE (88.4%) to DO (74.8%) or SU (62%), respectively. (II) The use of Support Vector Machines and Extreme Gradient Boost algorithms did not increase classification performance in comparison to Random Forest. (III) Based on probability maps, classification performance was lower in areas of shaded vegetation and in the transition zones. (IV) In order to cover larger areas, a gyrocopter can be used applying the same workflow and achieving comparable results as by UAS for thematic levels BA, VE and homogeneous classes covering larger areas. The generated classification maps are a valuable tool for ecologically integrated water management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T21:36:24Z","timestamp":1645047384000},"page":"954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Very High-Resolution Imagery and Machine Learning for Detailed Mapping of Riparian Vegetation and Substrate Types"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Edvinas","family":"Rommel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vegetation Studies, Landscape Management, German Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Giese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Remote Sensing, German Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0391-6949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Fricke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Remote Sensing, German Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"Kath\u00f6fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fluvial Morphology, Sediment Dynamics and Management, German Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maike","family":"Heuner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vegetation Studies, Landscape Management, German Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"M\u00f6lter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEOCOPTIX GmbH, Max-Planck-Stra\u00dfe 12, 54296 Trier, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Deffert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEOCOPTIX GmbH, Max-Planck-Stra\u00dfe 12, 54296 Trier, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Asgari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Technology, University of Applied Science Koblenz, Joseph-Rovan-Allee 2, 53424 Remagen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"N\u00e4the","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JB Hyperspectral Devices GmbH, Am Botanischen Garten 33, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Dzunic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEOCOPTIX GmbH, Max-Planck-Stra\u00dfe 12, 54296 Trier, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Rock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEOCOPTIX GmbH, Max-Planck-Stra\u00dfe 12, 54296 Trier, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Bongartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Technology, University of Applied Science Koblenz, Joseph-Rovan-Allee 2, 53424 Remagen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Burkart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JB Hyperspectral Devices GmbH, Am Botanischen Garten 33, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Quick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fluvial Morphology, Sediment Dynamics and Management, German Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Schr\u00f6der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vegetation Studies, Landscape Management, German Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4488-623X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Baschek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Remote Sensing, German Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/fwb.12088","article-title":"Effects of stream flooding on the distribution and diversity of groundwater-dependent vegetation in riparian areas","volume":"58","author":"Jensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Freshw. 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