{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T20:53:59Z","timestamp":1783976039097,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1407200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1407200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFE0105700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0105700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFA0605901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0605901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we retrieve an Arctic sea ice lead fraction from AMSR2 passive microwave data in winter from 2012 to 2020 based on an algorithm developed for AMSR-E data. The derived AMSR2 sea ice lead fraction is validated against MODIS images. The results show that the derived AMSR2 sea ice lead detects approximately 50% of the ice leads shown in the MODIS images, which is close to the amount of sea ice lead detected from the AMSR-E data from 2002 to 2011. Utilizing the retrievals from both the AMSR-E and AMSR2, our analysis shows no significant trend, but moderate interannual variation exists for the ice lead fraction in the Arctic basin scale over the past two decades. The maximum width and total length of sea ice lead show a significant decreasing trend for the whole Arctic, but the mean width does not exhibit a significant change over the studied period. In the Beaufort Sea the lead fraction varies from 2.06% to 12.35%, with a mean value of 5.72%. In the Greenland Sea the mean lead fraction over the studied period is 5.77%, and there is a significant increase in the lead fraction, with a rate of 0.13% per year. The maximum width in the Greenland Sea is substantially higher than that of other regions, and the mean width increases significantly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T21:36:24Z","timestamp":1645047384000},"page":"969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["An Analysis of Arctic Sea Ice Leads Retrieved from AMSR-E\/AMSR2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0036-917X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Polar Science of Ministry of Natural Resources, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanhai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Polar Science of Ministry of Natural Resources, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8986-1154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20837","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JC900082","article-title":"Arctic Sea ice extents, areas, and trends, 1978\u20131996","volume":"104","author":"Parkinson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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