{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T19:42:45Z","timestamp":1783021365645,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62071466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071466"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Detecting off-nadir objects is a well-known challenge in remote sensing due to the distortion and mutable representation. Existing methods mainly focus on a narrow range of view angles, and they ignore broad-view pantoscopic remote sensing imagery. To address the off-nadir object detection problem in remote sensing, a new nadir-like generative adversarial network (NaGAN) is proposed in this paper by narrowing the representation differences between the off-nadir and nadir object. NaGAN consists of a generator and a discriminator, in which the generator learns to transform the off-nadir object to a nadir-like one so that they are difficult to discriminate by the discriminator, and the discriminator competes with the generator to learn more nadir-like features. With the progressive competition between the generator and discriminator, the performances of off-nadir object detection are improved significantly. Extensive evaluations on the challenging SpaceNet benchmark for remote sensing demonstrate the superiority of NaGAN to the well-established state-of-the-art in detecting off-nadir objects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T21:36:24Z","timestamp":1645047384000},"page":"975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["NaGAN: Nadir-like Generative Adversarial Network for Off-Nadir Object Detection of Multi-View Remote Sensing Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Engineering University, Beijing 101416, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunlei","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2901-2593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Engineering University, Beijing 101416, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4310-7786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangkang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Engineering University, Beijing 101416, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Engineering University, Beijing 101416, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ehsani, K., Mottaghi, R., and Farhadi, A. 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