{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:59:01Z","timestamp":1775609941107,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Haoming Xia","award":["32130066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32130066"]}]},{"name":"Haoming Xia","award":["212102310019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212102310019"]}]},{"name":"Haoming Xia","award":["202300410531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202300410531"]}]},{"name":"Haoming Xia","award":["202300410077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202300410077"]}]},{"name":"Haoming Xia","award":["2020M19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Double cropping is an important cropping system in China, with more than half of China\u2019s cropland adopting the practice. Under the background of global climate change, agricultural policies, and changing farming practices, double-cropping area has changed substantially. However, the spatial-temporal dynamics of double cropping is poorly understood. A better understanding of these dynamics is necessary for the northern limit of double cropping (NLDC) to ensure food security in China and the world and to achieve zero hunger, the second Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). Here, we developed a phenology-based algorithm to identify double-cropping fields by analyzing time-series Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images during the period 2000\u20132020 using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. We then extracted the NLDC using the kernel density of pixels with double cropping and analyzed the spatial-temporal dynamics of NLDC using the Fishnet method. We found that our algorithm accurately extracted double-cropping fields, with overall, user, and producer accuracies and Kappa coefficients of 95.97%, 96.58%, 92.21%, and 0.91, respectively. Over the past 20 years, the NLDC generally trended southward (the largest movement was 66.60 km) and eastward (the largest movement was 109.52 km). Our findings provide the scientific basis for further development and planning of agricultural production in China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14041004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T08:23:29Z","timestamp":1645431809000},"page":"1004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Mapping the Northern Limit of Double Cropping Using a Phenology-Based Algorithm and Google Earth Engine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0106-6709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoming","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"},{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Earth System Observation and Modeling, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan University, Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China"},{"name":"Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development Collaborative Innovation Center on Yellow River Civilization Jointly Built by Henan Province and Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9146-3494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rumeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2018.02.032","article-title":"Global cropping intensity gaps: Increasing food production without cropland expansion","volume":"76","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6868","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117054109","article-title":"Global changes in diets and the consequences for land requirements for food","volume":"109","author":"Kastner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. 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