{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T11:10:25Z","timestamp":1784632225099,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1730158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1730158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2100237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2100237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2120019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2120019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cognitive Hardware and Software Ecosystem Community Infrastructure (CHASE-CI)","award":["1331615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1331615"]}]},{"name":"Cognitive Hardware and Software Ecosystem Community Infrastructure (CHASE-CI)","award":["2040676"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2040676"]}]},{"name":"Cognitive Hardware and Software Ecosystem Community Infrastructure (CHASE-CI)","award":["1935984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1935984"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The size and frequency of wildland fires in the western United States have dramatically increased in recent years. On high-fire-risk days, a small fire ignition can rapidly grow and become out of control. Early detection of fire ignitions from initial smoke can assist the response to such fires before they become difficult to manage. Past deep learning approaches for wildfire smoke detection have suffered from small or unreliable datasets that make it difficult to extrapolate performance to real-world scenarios. In this work, we present the Fire Ignition Library (FIgLib), a publicly available dataset of nearly 25,000 labeled wildfire smoke images as seen from fixed-view cameras deployed in Southern California. We also introduce SmokeyNet, a novel deep learning architecture using spatiotemporal information from camera imagery for real-time wildfire smoke detection. When trained on the FIgLib dataset, SmokeyNet outperforms comparable baselines and rivals human performance. We hope that the availability of the FIgLib dataset and the SmokeyNet architecture will inspire further research into deep learning methods for wildfire smoke detection, leading to automated notification systems that reduce the time to wildfire response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14041007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T08:34:47Z","timestamp":1645432487000},"page":"1007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["FIgLib &amp; SmokeyNet: Dataset and Deep Learning Model for Real-Time Wildland Fire Smoke Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Anshuman","family":"Dewangan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yash","family":"Pande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Werner","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Vernon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismael","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilkay","family":"Altintas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garrison W.","family":"Cottrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai H.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-00646-7","article-title":"Economic footprint of California wildfires in 2018","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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