{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:29:00Z","timestamp":1777037340217,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.61671113, 61501098, and 61571099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.61671113, 61501098, and 61571099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["No. 2017YFB0502700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2017YFB0502700"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-resolution wide-swath (HRWS) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) plays an important role in remote sensing observation. However, the motion errors caused by the carrier platform\u2019s instability severely degrade the performance of the HRWS SAR imaging. Conventional motion errors compensation methods have two drawbacks, i.e., (1) ignoring the spatial variation of the phase errors of pixels along the range direction of the scene, which leads to lower compensation accuracy, and (2) performing compensation after echo reconstruction, which fails to consider the difference in motion errors between channels, resulting in poor imaging performance in the azimuth direction. In this paper, to overcome these two drawbacks, a high-precision motion errors compensation method based on sub-image reconstruction (SI-MEC) for high-precision HRWS SAR imaging is proposed. The proposed method consists of three steps. Firstly, the motion errors of the platform are estimated by maximizing the intensity of strong points in multiple regions. Secondly, combined with the multichannel geometry, the equivalent phase centers (EPCs) used for sub-images imaging are corrected and the sub-images imaging is performed before reconstruction. Thirdly, the reconstruction is performed by using the sub-images. The proposed method has two advantages, i.e., (1) compensating for the spatially varying phase errors in the range direction, by correcting EPCs, to improve the imaging quality, and (2) compensating for the motion errors of each channel in sub-image imaging before reconstruction, to enhance the imaging quality in the azimuth direction. Moreover, the experimental results are provided to demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms PGA and BP-FMSA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14041033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T20:48:41Z","timestamp":1645476521000},"page":"1033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A High-Precision Motion Errors Compensation Method Based on Sub-Image Reconstruction for HRWS SAR Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2941-3357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liming","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1197-3460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liming","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunjun","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5294","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2013.2274387","article-title":"A Robust Channel-Calibration Algorithm for Multi-Channel in Azimuth HRWS SAR Imaging Based on Local Maximum-Likelihood Weighted Minimum Entropy","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Qiu, X., Zhong, L., Shang, M., and Ding, C. (2019). A Simultaneous Imaging Scheme of Stationary Clutter and Moving Targets for Maritime Scenarios with the First Chinese Dual-Channel Spaceborne SAR Sensor. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192275"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, W., Yu, Q., Fang, C., Huang, P., Tan, W., and Qi, Y. (2021). Onboard Digital Beamformer with Multi-Frequency and Multi-Group Time Delays for High-Resolution Wide-Swath SAR. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214354"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittermayer, J., Krieger, G., Bojarski, A., Zonno, M., Villano, M., Pinheiro, M., Bachmann, M., Buckreuss, S., and Moreira, A. (2021). MirrorSAR: An HRWS Add-On for Single-Pass Multi-Baseline SAR Interferometry. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2021.3132384"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2018.2817687","article-title":"Snow Cover Mapping Using Polarization Fraction Variation With Temporal RADARSAT-2 C-Band Full-Polarimetric SAR Data Over the Indian Himalayas","volume":"11","author":"Muhuri","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.886176","article-title":"Target Scattering Decomposition in Terms of Roll-Invariant Target Parameters","volume":"45","author":"Touzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1029\/RS022i004p00529","article-title":"Imaging radar polarization signatures: Theory and observation","volume":"22","author":"Zebker","year":"1987","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Zhang, X., Shi, J., and Wei, S. (2019). Depthwise Separable Convolution Neural Network for High-Speed SAR Ship Detection. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212483"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2004.832700","article-title":"Unambiguous SAR signal reconstruction from nonuniform displaced phase center sampling","volume":"1","author":"Krieger","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2013.2258889","article-title":"Performance analysis for multichannel HRWS SAR systems based on STAP approach","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2009.5089542","article-title":"Digital Beamforming on Receive: Techniques and Optimization Strategies for High-Resolution Wide-Swath SAR Imaging","volume":"45","author":"Nicolas","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Zhang, X., Zhan, X., Pu, L., Zhang, T., Shi, J., and Wei, S. (2021). A Novel Sub-Image Local Area Minimum Entropy Reconstruction Method for HRWS SAR Adaptive Unambiguous Imaging. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163115"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5414","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2020.3023390","article-title":"An Improved Airborne Multichannel SAR Imaging Method With Motion Compensation and Range-Variant Channel Mismatch Correction","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4998","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2421303","article-title":"Modifications on Multichannel Reconstruction Algorithm for SAR Processing Based on Periodic Nonuniform Sampling Theory and Nonuniform Fast Fourier Transform","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, N., Zhang, H., Zhao, J., Wu, L., and Guo, Z. (2021). An Azimuth Signal-Reconstruction Method Based on Two-Step Projection Technology for Spaceborne Azimuth Multi-Channel High-Resolution and Wide-Swath SAR. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13244988"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"5201619","article-title":"A Novel Channel Errors Calibration Algorithm for Multichannel High-Resolution and Wide-Swath SAR Imaging","volume":"60","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020411","article-title":"Multichannel High Resolution Wide Swath SAR Imaging for Hypersonic Air Vehicle with Curved Trajectory","volume":"18","author":"Rui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9350","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3038932","article-title":"A Novel Motion Compensation Scheme for 2-D Multichannel SAR Systems With Quaternion Posture Calculation","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4378","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2265327","article-title":"Improved Motion Compensation Approach for Squint Airborne SAR","volume":"51","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2420683","article-title":"Modifying the Yamaguchi Four-Component Decomposition Scattering Powers Using a Stochastic Distance","volume":"8","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/62.9371","article-title":"Strapdown inertial measurement units for motion compensation for synthetic aperture radars","volume":"3","author":"Kennedy","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2014.2365612","article-title":"A Less-Memory and High-Efficiency Autofocus Back Projection Algorithm for SAR Imaging","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.14.001101","article-title":"Phase-gradient algorithm as an optimal estimator of the phase derivative","volume":"14","author":"Eichel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2161456","article-title":"An Autofocus Method for Backprojection Imagery in Synthetic Aperture Radar","volume":"9","author":"Ash","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fletcher, I., Watts, C., Miller, E., and Rabinkin, D. (2016, January 2\u20136). Minimum entropy autofocus for 3D SAR images from a UAV platform. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf), Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2016.7485098"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Wang, C., and Wei, S. (August, January 28). Precise Autofocus for SAR Imaging Based on Joint Multi-Region Optimization. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2019\u20142019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2019.8898069"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1109\/7.303752","article-title":"Phase gradient autofocus-a robust tool for high resolution SAR phase correction","volume":"30","author":"Wahl","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, S., Zhou, L., Zhang, X., and Shi, J. (2018, January 23\u201327). Fast back-projection autofocus for linear array SAR 3-D imaging via maximum sharpness. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf18), Oklahoma City, OK, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2018.8378614"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1109\/TCT.1956.1086325","article-title":"On nonuniform sampling of bandwidth-limited signals","volume":"3","author":"Yen","year":"1956","journal-title":"IRE Trans. Circuit Theory"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2031430","article-title":"APC Trajectory Design for One-Active Linear-Array Three-Dimensional Imaging SAR","volume":"48","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu, W. (2022). SAE-Net: A Deep Neural Network for SAR Autofocus. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2021.3139914"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/4\/1033\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:23:53Z","timestamp":1760135033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/4\/1033"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14041033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14041033","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]}}}