{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T20:42:16Z","timestamp":1773348136018,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The amount of sediments transported by a river is difficult to estimate, while this parameter could influence channel geometry. It is possible to derive the bedload transport rate per unit width of the river channel by measuring the migration distance of bedform profiles over time and thickness of bedload layer in motion. Other possible methods include instrumental measurements using bedload traps and empirical formulas. It is possible to use remote-sensing techniques to measure the dynamics of bedform movements and geometries. Landsat images and aerial photographs have been used for this. A new source of remote-sensing information is radar satellite images. Sentinel-1 images have a temporal resolution of 2\u20133 days and spatial resolution of 25 m at middle latitudes, which make them usable on large rivers. The research area is the 814\u2013820 km reach of the Lower Vistula River, where seven alternate sandbars were selected. The bank lines of the sandbars were delineated on Sentinel-1 images sensed during two low-flow periods of 4 August\u201326 September 2018 and 1 July\u201331 August 2019, when discharges at low flow were similar. From water stage observations at gauges, water elevations were assigned to every bank line of the alternate sandbars. The following morphometric parameters were calculated: alternate sandbar centers, volumes and longitudinal profile. Average daily movement of the sandbars in the period 4 August 2018\u20131 July 2019 was calculated as 0.97 m\u00b7day\u22121. A similar alternate sandbar movement velocity was obtained from a study of Sentinel-2 optical satellite images and hydro-acoustic measurements on the Lower Vistula River. Having depth of bedload in motion and alternate sandbar shift velocities, it was possible to calculate the rate of bedload transport according to the Exner approach formula. Rate of bedload transport was estimated as qb = 0.027 kg\u00b7s\u22121\u00b7m\u22121. This study shows a novel use of Sentinel-1 images to study the 3D geometry and movement rate of sandbars.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T22:35:00Z","timestamp":1645569300000},"page":"1056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Sentinel-1 Satellite Radar Images: A New Source of Information for Study of River Channel Dynamics on the Lower Vistula River, Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8010-9836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaudia","family":"Kryniecka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology Department, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie 30, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8697-3492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Magnuszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology Department, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie 30, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Radecki-Pawlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Structural Mechanics and Material Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3290140205","article-title":"Temporal variations in bedload transport rates associated with the migration of bedforms","volume":"14","author":"Gomez","year":"1989","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Processes Landf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021WR030617","DOI":"10.1029\/2021WR030617","article-title":"Free alternate bars in rivers: Key physical mechanisms and simple formation criterion","volume":"57","author":"Redolfi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141o\u015b, H., and Paw\u0142owski, B. (2017, January 12\u201314). The use of Sentinel-1 imagery in the analysis of river ice phenomena on the Lower Vistula in the 2015\u20132016 winter season. Proceedings of the Signal Processing Symposium (SPSympo), Jachranka, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/SPS.2017.8053663"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1515\/heem-2021-0004","article-title":"The lower vistula and its ice problems","volume":"68","author":"Majewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Hydro Eng. Environ. Mech."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2019.01.004","article-title":"Engineering impacts on the Upper Rhine channel and floodplain over two centuries","volume":"330","author":"Arnauda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3657","article-title":"Alternate bars in a sandy gravel bed river: Generation, migration and interactions with superimposed dunes","volume":"40","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Processes Landf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.07.030","article-title":"Estimating bedload transport in a large sand-gravel bed river from direct sampling, dune tracking and empirical formulas","volume":"179","author":"Claude","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(02)00320-3","article-title":"Methodological sensitivity of morphometric estimates of coarse fluvial sediment transport","volume":"53","author":"Brasington","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.483","article-title":"Estimation of erosion and deposition volumes in a large, gravel-bed, braided river using synoptic remote sensing","volume":"28","author":"Lane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Processes Landf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W09421","DOI":"10.1029\/2008WR007604","article-title":"Exner equation: A continuum approximation of a discrete granular system","volume":"45","author":"Coleman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Yalin, N.S., and Da Silva, A.M.F. (2001). Fluvial Processes, IAHR Monograph, IAHR."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/00221686.2013.869267","article-title":"On the definition of solid discharge in hydro-environment research and applications","volume":"52","author":"Ballio","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"215","article-title":"Rozw\u00f3j \u0142apaczek rumowiska u\u017cywanych w Polsce oraz niekt\u00f3re inne metody pomiar\u00f3w wleczenia","volume":"22","year":"1961","journal-title":"Gospod. Wodna"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Karasiew, I.F., and Szumkow, I.G. (1985). Gidrometria, Gidrometeoizdat."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Kostaschuk, R.A., Ilersich, S.A., and Hickin, E.J. (1995). River Geomorphology, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceano.2019.02.003","article-title":"Bedload transport in the Vistula River mouth derived from dune migration rates, southern Baltic Sea","volume":"61","author":"Lisimenka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Pi\u0119tka, Z. (1960). Zastosowanie Izotop\u00f3w Promieniotw\u00f3rczych i Trwa\u0142ych w Hydrologii i Oceanografii, Biuletyn PIHM."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3091.2000.00290.x","article-title":"The morphodynamics of fluvial sand dunes in the River Rhine, near Mainz, Germany. I., Sedimentology and morphology","volume":"47","author":"Carling","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sedimentology"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"304","article-title":"Kilka uwag w sprawie regulacji uj\u015bcia Wis\u0142y","volume":"14","author":"Czernik","year":"1954","journal-title":"Gospod. Wodna"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"425","article-title":"Pr\u00f3ba ustalenia najbardziej w\u0142a\u015bciwego sposobu prowadzenia pomiar\u00f3w wleczenia na Wi\u015ble w profilu Nadwilan\u00f3wka","volume":"22","year":"1962","journal-title":"Gospod. Wodna"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Goncarov, V.N. (1962). Dinamika Ruslovych Potokov, Gidrometeoizdat."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Samov, G.I. (1959). Recnyje Nanosy, Gidrometeoizdat."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Meyer-Peter, E., and M\u00fcller, R. (1946). Eine Formel zur Berechnung des Geschiebetriebs; Mitteilungen aus der Versuchsastalt f\u00fcr Wasserbau und Erdbau, Schweizerische Bauzeitung."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Skibi\u0144ski, J. (1976). Pr\u00f3ba ilo\u015bciowej oceny intensywno\u015bci transportu rumowiska wleczonego w rzekach \u015brodkowej Polski. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW-AR w Warszawie, Rozprawy Naukowe."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1080\/00221686.2011.614518","article-title":"Regions of bars, meandering and braiding in da Silva and Yalin\u2019s plan","volume":"49","author":"Ahmari","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.2110\/jsr.60.160","article-title":"Classification of large-scale subaqueous bedforms: A new look at an old problem","volume":"60","author":"Ashley","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Sedim. Petrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6079","DOI":"10.3390\/w7116079","article-title":"Sediment trapping by emerged channel bars in the lowermost mississippi river during a major flood","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2020.105128","article-title":"Three decadal morphodynamic evolution of a large channel bar in the middle Yangtze River: Influence of natural and anthropogenic interferences","volume":"199","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavallo, C., Nones, M., Papa, M.N., Gargiulo, M., and Ruello, G. (2021). Monitoring the morphological evolution of a reach of the Italian Po River using multispectral satellite imagery and stage data. Geocarto Int., 1\u201323.","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2021.2002431"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Pa\u0144stwowa Inspekcja Ochrony \u015arodowiska (1996). Atlas Posterunk\u00f3w Wodowskazowych dla Potrzeb Pa\u0144stwowego Monitoringu \u015arodowiska, Biblioteka Monitoringu \u015arodowiska."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"43","article-title":"Effects of flow regulation and river channelization on sandbar bird nesting availability at the Lower Vistula River","volume":"29","author":"Habel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Quest."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/rrr.3450070404","article-title":"Hydromorphological consequences of regulating the lower Vistula, Poland","volume":"7","year":"1992","journal-title":"Regul. Rivers Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Grochulski., J. (1985). Monografia Dr\u00f3g Wodnych \u015ar\u00f3dl\u0105dowych w Polsce, Wydawnictwo Komunikacji i \u0141\u0105czno\u015bci."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Ingarden, R. (1921). Rzeki i Kana\u0142y \u017beglowne w By\u0142ych Trzech Zaborach I Znaczenie ich Gospodarcze Dla Polski, Ministerstwo Rob\u00f3t Publicznych."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Habel, M. (2011). Morfodynamika Dna Doliny Dolnej Wis\u0142y Poni\u017cej Zbiornika W\u0142oc\u0142awskiego. [Ph.D. Thesis, IGiPZ PAN Warszawa]."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Polska Pa\u0144stwowa S\u0142u\u017cba Hydrograficzna (1954). Materia\u0142 Wleczony i Unoszony w Korycie Wis\u0142y: Sprawozdanie z Prac Pa\u0144stwowej s\u0142u\u017cby Hydrograficznej Przeprowadzonych w Latach 1923\u20131939, Wydawnictwa Komunikacyjne. Prace Pa\u0144stwowego Instytutu Hydrologiczno-Meteorologicznego."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"140","article-title":"Uziarnienie rumowiska unoszonego wzd\u0142u\u017c biegu Wis\u0142y","volume":"6","author":"Kondzielski","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gospod. Wodna"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"141","article-title":"Etudes du r\u00e9gime du Rh\u00f4ne et de l\u2019action exerc\u00e9e par les eaux sur un lit \u00e0 fond de graviers ind\u00e9finiment affouillable","volume":"5","year":"1879","journal-title":"Ann. Ponts Chauss\u00e9es"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2021, April 16). Sentinel Technical Guides. Available online: sentinel.esa.int\/web\/sentinel\/sentinel-technical-guides."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2021, April 16). The Alaska Satellite Facility. Available online: asf.alaska.edu."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2021, September 20). Sat4Envi. Available online: https:\/\/dane.sat4envi.imgw."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2021, April 16). Dane Publiczne IMGW-PIB. Available online: danepubliczne.imgw.pl."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.15576\/ASP.FC\/2018.17.4.121","article-title":"Application of satellite sentinel-1 radar images for description of ice phenomena on d\u0119be reservoir","volume":"4","author":"Magnuszewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Pol. Form. Circumiectus"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2020, September 07). Science Toolbox Exploitation Platform. Available online: https:\/\/step.esa.int\/main\/download\/snap-download\/."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kryniecka, K., and Magnuszewski, A. (2021). Application of satellite sentinel-2 images to study alternate sandbars movement at Lower Vistula River (Poland). Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081505"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Van Landeghem, K.J.J., Garlan, T., and Baas, J.H. (2016). Value of bedload movement in alluvial rivers using analysis of sandbar migration. MARID 2016, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Marine and River Dune Dynamics, Caernarfon, UK, 4\u20136 April 2016, Bangor University and SHOM."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Chaberek-Karwacka, G., and Malinowska, M. (2016). Clastic sediment transport renewal below W\u0142oc\u0142awek Reservoir. Geography in the Face of ModernWorld Challenges, University of Gda\u0144sk."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.15576\/ASP.FC\/2020.19.2.23","article-title":"Use of Sentinel-2 images for the detection of sandbars along the lower Vistula","volume":"19","author":"Kryniecka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Form. Circumiectus"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/5\/1056\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:24:40Z","timestamp":1760135080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/5\/1056"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14051056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14051056","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]}}}