{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:35:12Z","timestamp":1768264512926,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019FY00205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019FY00205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51879110, 52079055, 52011530128, and 42071259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51879110, 52079055, 52011530128, and 42071259"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The dependence of water use efficiency (WUE) on changes in land cover types is crucial for understanding of long-term water availability and assessment of water-saving strategies. Investigating the impact of land cover types on ecosystem WUE has important implications when revealing water dynamics and land management. However, the determination of WUE and its dominant factors have always been subject to high data dependency and large calculation consumption within large basins. This paper proposes a framework for processing actual evapotranspiration (AET) and WUE calculation by coupling the Maximum Entropy Production (MEP) method with the Google Earth Engine (GEE). By employing the proposed framework and three data sources available in the GEE platform, results for actual ET and WUE from 2001 to 2020 were obtained in the Yellow River Basin (YRB). The results show that the proposed framework provides an acceptable estimation of actual ET via validation with Eddy Covariance flux sites in the YRB. The calculated WUE values varied greatly in different sub-basins within the YRB, indicating a cumulative growth rate of about 56% during the past 20 years. The dominant factor that led to these changes was the transition from Grasslands into other land-use types. Our results suggest that the use of the GEE platform coupled with the MEP method offers new possibilities for advancing understanding of water exchange and water resource management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T22:35:00Z","timestamp":1645569300000},"page":"1065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Assessing Variations in Water Use Efficiency and Linkages with Land-Use Changes Using Three Different Data Sources: A Case Study of the Yellow River, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4873-0697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huaiwei","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Valley Science and Technology, School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1676-4107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Valley Science and Technology, School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Valley Science and Technology, School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengge","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Valley Science and Technology, School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8805-0015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Valley Science and Technology, School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingqian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Valley Science and Technology, School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengtian","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Municipal Engineering, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystems, Cele, Hetian 848300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Valley Science and Technology, School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108385","article-title":"Discrepant responses between evapotranspiration-and transpiration-based ecosystem water use efficiency to interannual precipitation fluctuations","volume":"303","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. 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