{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T21:21:07Z","timestamp":1770326467680,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,","award":["XDA19090300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19090300"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61801443 and 41801348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61801443 and 41801348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The urban morphology has impacts on the urban thermal environment, which has drawn extensive attention, especially in metropolitan regions with intensive populations and high building densities. This study explored the relationship between the urban morphology and spatial variation of land surface temperature (LST) in Wuhan by using the local climate zone (LCZ) and seven natural and social factors. A deep learning model (light LCZ model) was used to generate LCZ map in Wuhan, and a geographic detector model was utilized to explore the driving mechanism of LST spatial differentiation. The results show that the LST difference between LCZ classes in summer is greater than that in winter, and the LST of the built-up classes (LCZ 1\u201310) are significantly higher than that of the vegetation classes in summer. Among the six residential building classes (i.e., LCZ 1\u20136), LCZ 1 is characterized by compact and high buildings and has the largest average LST. Building density and height have a warming effect, and the building density has a stronger effect than the height. Compared with other natural and social factors, LCZ has the largest explanatory power for LST spatial differentiation in the main urban area and surrounding areas of Wuhan, with explanatory power (q) values reaching 0.660 (summer) and 0.316 (winter). The types of interaction for all pairwise cases are mutual and nonlinear. The strongest interaction is MNDWI-NDBI combination (0.780) in summer and LCZ-NDBI combination (0.460) in winter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T22:35:00Z","timestamp":1645569300000},"page":"1067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Geographical Detection of Urban Thermal Environment Based on the Local Climate Zones: A Case Study in Wuhan, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Renfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence School, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengjia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence School, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing & Natural Resources Modeling, Department ERIN, LIST, Belvaux, 2450 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiawen","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanjun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence School, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0045-9642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiuguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Urbanization, City growth, and the New United Nations development agenda","volume":"3","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cornerstone"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-014-0034-y","article-title":"How much of the world\u2019s land has been urbanized, really? 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