{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:51:57Z","timestamp":1760151117029,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFA0603104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFA0603104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"he State Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41531069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41531069"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42074006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering and Key Laboratory of Surveying and Mapping Science and Geospatial Information Technology of the Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["2021-00-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-00-05"]}]},{"name":"Project of Hydraulic Science and Technology of Jiangsu Province","award":["No. 2018005, No. 2019001, No. 2020007, No. 2021063, and No. 2021074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2018005, No. 2019001, No. 2020007, No. 2021063, and No. 2021074"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Past redistributions of the Earth\u2019s mass resulting from the Earth\u2019s viscoelastic response to the cycle of deglaciation and glaciation reflect the process known as glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). GPS data are effective at constraining GIA velocities, provided that these data are accurate, have adequate spatial coverage, and account for competing geophysical processes, including the elastic loading of ice\/snow ablation\/accumulation. GPS solutions are significantly affected by common mode errors (CMEs) and the choice of optimal noise model, and they are contaminated by other geophysical signals due primarily to the Earth\u2019s elastic response. Here, independent component analysis is used to remove the CMEs, and the Akaike information criterion is used to determine the optimal noise model for 79 GPS stations in Antarctica, primarily distributed across West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula. Next, a high-resolution surface mass variation model is used to correct for elastic deformation. Finally, we use the improved GPS solution to assess the accuracy of seven contemporary GIA forward models in Antarctica. The results show that the maximal GPS crustal displacement velocity deviations reach 4.0 mm yr\u22121, and the mean variation is 0.4 mm yr\u22121 after removing CMEs and implementing the noise analysis. All GIA model-predicted velocities are found to systematically underestimate the GPS-observed velocities in the Amundsen Sea Embayment. Additionally, the GPS vertical velocities on the North Antarctic Peninsula are larger than those on the South Antarctic Peninsula, and most of the forward models underestimate the GIA impact on the Antarctic Peninsula.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T22:35:00Z","timestamp":1645569300000},"page":"1070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessment of Contemporary Antarctic GIA Models Using High-Precision GPS Time Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"},{"name":"Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9378-4067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.K.","family":"Shum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430010, China"},{"name":"Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}]},{"given":"Chanfang","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering and Key Laboratory of Surveying and Mapping Science and Geospatial Information Technology of MNR, CASM, Beijing 100036, China"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Ming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7436-2504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengkai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Qingchuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430010, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2008.03.003","article-title":"Using postglacial sea level, crustal velocities and gravity-rate-of-change to constrain the influence of thermal effects on mantle lateral heterogeneities","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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