{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T21:28:46Z","timestamp":1779917326086,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) quantifies the solar energy received by the Earth and therefore is of direct relevance for a possible solar influence on climate change on Earth. We analyse the TSI space measurements from 1991 to 2021, and we derive a regression model that reproduces the measured daily TSI variations with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.17 W\/m2. The daily TSI regression model uses the MgII core to wing ratio as a facular brightening proxy and the Photometric Sunspot Index (PSI) as a measure of sunspot darkening. We reconstruct the annual mean TSI backwards to 1700 based on the Sunspot Number (SN), calibrated on the space measurements with an RMSE of 0.086 W\/m2. The analysis of the 11 year running mean TSI reconstruction confirms the existence of a 105 year Gleissberg cycle. The TSI level of the current grand minimum is only about 0.15 W\/m2 higher than the TSI level of the grand minimum in the beginning of the 18th century.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T22:35:00Z","timestamp":1645569300000},"page":"1072","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Centennial Total Solar Irradiance Variation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4571-1450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Dewitte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1180-1968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Cornelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETRO Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustapha","family":"Meftah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LATMOS, CNRS, 78280 Guyancourt, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/wea.1964","article-title":"The GCOS at 20 years: The origin, achievement and future development of the Global Climate Observing System","volume":"67","author":"Houghton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Weather"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"162","article-title":"The Mariner Mars 1969 Temperature Control Flux Monitor","volume":"37\u201359","author":"Plamondon","year":"1969","journal-title":"Jet Propuls. 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