{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T18:17:27Z","timestamp":1769969847509,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFB3900403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3900403"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42105136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42105136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Basic Research Fund of CAMS","award":["2020Y013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020Y013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spaceborne passive microwave sounding instruments are important for monitoring tropical cyclones (TCs) over oceans. However, previous studies have found large retrieval errors at TCs\u2019 inner region at the lower troposphere where heavy precipitation occurs. In this study, the background error covariance matrix used in the variational retrieval algorithm is designed to vary with atmospheric conditions. It is found that the errors of retrieved temperature and humidity profiles are significantly reduced under the TC conditions, when they are compared with those from using a static covariance matrix. The retrieval errors of temperature and humidity are about 1.5 K and 10\u201320%, respectively, in the troposphere. Moreover, the influence of different observation operators on the retrievals are also investigated. It is shown that ARMS (Advanced Radiative Transfer Modeling System) used as an observation operator can produce a higher retrieval accuracy, compared to CRTM (Community Radiative Transfer Model). For the relative humidity profile, the error can be reduced by up to 5% from ARMS. The reason may be attributed to the more comprehensive handling of the scattering from various hydrometeors in ARMS, which results in a higher retrieval accuracy under cloudy conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T22:35:00Z","timestamp":1645569300000},"page":"1078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Influences of 1DVAR Background Covariances and Observation Operators on Retrieving Tropical Cyclone Thermal Structures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4095-3765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre (CEMC), China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fuzhong","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre (CEMC), China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Dvorak, V.F. 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