{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:55:34Z","timestamp":1760151334864,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42074042","41775034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074042","41775034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA15007501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA15007501"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In radio occultation (RO) data processing and data assimilation, the forward model (FM) is used to calculate bending angle (BA) from refractivity (N). The accuracy and precision of forward modeled BA are affected by refractivity profiles and FM methods, including Abel integral algorithms (direct, exp, exp_T, linear) and methods of interpolating refractivity during integral (log-cubic spline and log-linear). Experiment 1 compares these forward model methods by comparing the difference and relative difference (RD) of the experimental value (forward modeled ECMWF analysis) and the true value (BA of FY3D RO data). Results suggested that the exp with log-cubic spline (log-cubic) interpolation is the most accurate FM because it has better integral accuracy (less than 2%) to inputs, especially when the input is lower than an order of magnitude of 1 \u00d7 10\u22122 (that is, above 60 km). By contrast, the direct induced a 10% error, and the improvement of exp T to exp is limited. Experiment 2 simulated the exact errors of an FM (exp) based on inputs on different vertical resolutions. The inputs are refractivity profiles on model levels of three widely used analyses, including ECMWF 4Dvar analysis, final operational global analysis data (FNL), and ERA5. Results demonstrated that based on exp and log-cubic interpolation, BA on model level of ECMWF 4Dvar has the highest accuracy, whose RD is 0.5% between 0\u201335 km, 4% between 35\u201358 km, and 1.8% between 58\u201380 km. By contrast, the other two analyses have low accuracy. This paper paves the way to better understanding the FM, and simulation errors on model levels of three analyses can be a helpful FM error reference.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:53:26Z","timestamp":1645664006000},"page":"1081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of Forward Models for GNSS Radio Occultation Data Processing and Assimilation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environment Situational Awareness, CAS, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environment Situational Awareness, CAS, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yueqiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environment Situational Awareness, CAS, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Qifei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environment Situational Awareness, CAS, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Junming","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environment Situational Awareness, CAS, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Xianyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environment Situational Awareness, CAS, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Congliang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environment Situational Awareness, CAS, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Yuerong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environment Situational Awareness, CAS, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4132-3442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangguang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environment Situational Awareness, CAS, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environment Situational Awareness, CAS, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6888-280X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feixiong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environment Situational Awareness, CAS, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environment Situational Awareness, CAS, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Guangyuan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environment Situational Awareness, CAS, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environment Situational Awareness, CAS, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2300","article-title":"Impact of Gps Radio Occultation Measurements in the Ecmwf System Using Adjoint-Based Diagnostics","volume":"140","author":"Cardinali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5797","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-5797-2018","article-title":"The Fengyun-3c Radio Occultation Sounder Gnos: A Review of the Mission and Its Early Results and Science Applications","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schreiner, W.S., Weiss, J.P., Anthes, R.A., Braun, J., Chu, V., Fong, J., Hunt, D., Kuo, Y., Meehan, T., and Serafino, W. (2020). Cosmic-2 Radio Occultation Constellation: First Results. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47.","key":"ref_3","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL086841"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, W., Tan, G., Sun, Y., Xia, J., Cheng, C., Du, Q., Wang, X., Yang, G., Liao, M., and Liu, Y. (2019). Comparison and Validation of the Ionospheric Climatological Morphology of Fy3c\/Gnos with Cosmic During the Recent Low Solar Activity Period. Remote Sens., 11.","key":"ref_4","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11222686"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-12-2679-2019","article-title":"Processing and Quality Control of Fy-3c gnos Data Used in Numerical Weather Prediction Applications","volume":"12","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"unstructured":"(2021, August 15). Oscar. Available online: https:\/\/www.wmo-sat.info\/oscar\/gapanalyses?mission=9.","key":"ref_6"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, W., Deng, N., Sun, Y., Du, Q., Xia, J., Wang, X., Meng, X., Zhao, D., Liu, C., and Tan, G. (2020). Applications of Gnss-Ro to Numerical Weather Prediction and Tropical Cyclone Forecast. Atmosphere, 11.","key":"ref_7","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11111204"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4395","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-13-00098.1","article-title":"Scaling of Gnss Radio Occultation Impact with Observation Number Using an Ensemble of Data Assimilations","volume":"141","author":"Harnisch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mon. Weather. Rev."},{"unstructured":"(2021, June 22). ECMWF Observation Monitoring. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecmwf.int\/en\/forecasts\/charts\/obstat\/gpsro_gpsro__count_0001_plot_o_count_gpsro_gpsro?facets=Parameter,Bending%20angles&time=2021062100&Phase=Setting.","key":"ref_9"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3772","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3872","article-title":"An Assessment of Gnss Radio Occultation Data Produced by Spire","volume":"146","author":"Bowler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"unstructured":"Bai, W., Sun, Y., Du, Q., Yang, G., Yang, Z., Zhang, P., Bi, Y., Wang, X., Wang, D., and Meng, X. (May, January 27). An Introduction to FY3 GNOS in-Orbit Performance and Preliminary Validation Results. Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly Conference, Vienna, Austria.","key":"ref_11"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-1817-2014","article-title":"An Introduction to the Fy3 Gnos Instrument and Mountain-Top Tests","volume":"7","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-781-2016","article-title":"Preliminary Validation of the Refractivity from the New Radio Occultation Sounder Gnos\/Fy-3c","volume":"9","author":"Liao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-13-2547-2020","article-title":"Consistency and Structural Uncertainty of Multi-Mission Gps Radio Occultation Records","volume":"13","author":"Steiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"149","article-title":"Assimilation experiment of GPS bending angle using WRF model \u2014 analysis of impact on Typhoon \u201cSinLaku\u201d","volume":"29","author":"Bi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Tropical Meteorol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorbunov, M., Stefanescu, R., Irisov, V., and Zupanski, D. (2019). Variational Assimilation of Radio Occultation Observations into Numerical Weather Prediction Models: Equations, Strategies, and Algorithms. Remote Sens., 11.","key":"ref_16","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242886"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8920","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3049451","article-title":"Global Comparison of F2-Layer Peak Parameters Estimated by Iri-2016 with Ionospheric Radio Occultation Data During Solar Minimum","volume":"9","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3637","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213637","article-title":"New higher-order correction of GNSS RO bending angles accounting for ionospheric asymmetry: Evaluation of performance and added value","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2000RS002370","article-title":"Ionospheric Correction and Statistical Optimization of Radio Occultation Data","volume":"37","author":"Gorbunov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1029\/90JA02125","article-title":"Extension of the Msis Thermosphere Model into the Middle and Lower Atmosphere","volume":"96","author":"Hedin","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-109-2015","article-title":"Generation of a Bending Angle Radio Occultation Climatology (Baroclim) and Its Use in Radio Occultation Retrievals","volume":"8","author":"Syndergaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hocke, K. (1997, January 30). Inversion of Gps Meteorology Data. Paper presented at the Annales Geophysicae 1997. In Proceedings of the Annales Geophysicae, Vienna, Austria.","key":"ref_22","DOI":"10.1007\/s005850050458"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.04.182","article-title":"Assimilation Experiments with Champ Gps Radio Occultation Measurements","volume":"132","author":"Healy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"unstructured":"Burrows, C., Healy, S., and Culverwell, I. (2021, June 22). Improvements to the Ropp Refractivity and Bending Angle Operators. Available online: https:\/\/www.romsaf.org\/general-documents\/rsr\/rsr_15.pdf.","key":"ref_24"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23429","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01569","article-title":"Observing Earth\u2019s Atmosphere with Radio Occultation Measurements Using the Global Positioning System","volume":"102","author":"Kursinski","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"unstructured":"(2019). The ROM SAF Consortium, some. The Radio Occultation Processing Package (Ropp) Forward Model Module User Guide.","key":"ref_26"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JD017782","article-title":"A Bending Angle Forward Operator for Global Positioning System Radio Occultation Measurements","volume":"118","author":"Cucurull","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-18-0223.1","article-title":"Sensitivity of Forward-Modeled Bending Angles to Vertical Interpolation of Refractivity for Radio Occultation Data Assimilation","volume":"147","author":"Gilpin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brenot, H., Rohm, W., Ka\u010dma\u0159\u00edk, M., M\u00f6ller, G., S\u00e1, A., Tonda\u015b, D., Rapant, L., Biondi, R., Manning, T., and Champollion, C. (2019). Cross-Comparison and Methodological Improvement in Gps Tomography. Remote. Sens., 12.","key":"ref_29","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010030"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-019-0949-5","article-title":"Comparison of Metop-A\/-B GRAS Radio Occultation Data Processed by CDAAC and ROM","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD005846","article-title":"A Quality Control Procedure for Gps Radio Occultation Data","volume":"111","author":"Zou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007764","article-title":"Analysis of Global Positioning System (Gps) Radio Occultation Measurement Errors Based on Satellite De Aplicaciones Cientificas-C (Sac-C) Gps Radio Occultation Data Recorded in Open-Loop and Phase-Locked-Loop Mode","volume":"112","author":"Lohmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60214a047","article-title":"Smoothing and Differentiation of Data by Simplified Least Squares Procedures","volume":"36","author":"Savitzky","year":"1964","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1971)028<1074:OTEOAI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the Elimination of Aliasing in Finite-Difference Schemes by Filtering High-Wavenumber Components","volume":"28","author":"Orszag","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"unstructured":"Lewis, H. (2021, June 22). Abel Integral Calculations in Ropp. Available online: https:\/\/www.romsaf.org\/general-documents\/gsr\/gsr_04.pdf.","key":"ref_35"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3445","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-3445-2014","article-title":"Improving the Bias Characteristics of the Ropp Refractivity and Bending Angle Operators","volume":"7","author":"Burrows","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1086\/111096","article-title":"The Neutral Atmosphere of Venus as Studied with the Mariner V Radio Occultation Experiments","volume":"76","author":"Fjeldbo","year":"1970","journal-title":"Astron. J."},{"unstructured":"Yan, H., Fu, Y., and Hong, Z. (2007). Spaceborne Gps Meteorology and Retrieval Technique (Chinese Version), Science and technology of China Press.","key":"ref_38"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, S., Cardellach, E., and Xie, F. (2014). Gnss Remote Sensing, Springer.","key":"ref_39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7482-7"},{"unstructured":"Marquardt, C., Healy, S., Luntama, J., and McKernan, E. (2004). GRAS Level 1 B Product Validation with 1d-Var Retrieval. EUMETSAT.","key":"ref_40"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065115","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5092635","article-title":"A Direct Comparison of High-Speed Methods for the Numerical Abel Transform","volume":"90","author":"Hickstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"unstructured":"Schweitzer, S., Pirscher, B., Pock, M., Ladst\u00e4dter, F., Borsche, M., Foelsche, U., Fritzer, J., and Kirchengast, G. (2021, June 22). End-to-End Generic Occultation Performance Simulation and Processing System Egops: Enhancement of Gps Ro Data Processing and Ir Laser Occultation Capabilities. University of Graz, Graz, Austria: Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change (WegCenter). Available online: http:\/\/wegcwww.uni-graz.at\/publ\/wegcpubl\/arsclisys\/2008\/igam7www_sschweitzeretal-wegctechrepfffg-alr-no1-2008.pdf.","key":"ref_42"},{"unstructured":"Sheng, F.X. (2013). Atmospheric Physics, Peking University Press.","key":"ref_43"},{"unstructured":"Lewis, H. (2021, June 22). Error Function Calculation in Ropp. Available online: https:\/\/www.romsaf.org\/general-documents\/gsr\/gsr_04.pdf.","key":"ref_44"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0088(199611)16:11<1197::AID-JOC89>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Robust and Non-Parametric Techniques for the Analysis of Climate Data: Theory and Examples, Including Applications to Historical Radiosonde Station Data","volume":"16","author":"Lanzante","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol. A J. R. Meteorol. Soc."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/5\/1081\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:25:23Z","timestamp":1760135123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/5\/1081"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14051081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14051081","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]}}}