{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T17:59:56Z","timestamp":1762624796927,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015310","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021D01D01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021D01D01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015310","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA20100303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA20100303"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reservoirs play a vital role in agricultural irrigation, food security, and ecological protection in arid and semi\u2013arid areas where water resources are scarce. In the Tarim Basin (TB) in northwestern China, a large number of reservoirs have been built or are being built, resulting in significant evaporation losses. However, information about the distribution, area and evaporation rate of the reservoirs in TB is limited. To contribute, we present an inventory of reservoirs and calculate their monthly surface area and evaporation rate during the study period of 1990\u20132019, using the TerraClimate dataset, Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, Landtrendr algorithm, Penman method, and Landsat images. The results suggest: (1) The inventory of 167 reservoirs in TB consists of 142 existing reservoirs (built before 1990), 5 new reservoirs (mountain reservoirs, built during 1990\u20132019), and 20 dried\u2013up reservoirs (plain reservoirs that went extinct during 1990\u20132019). (2) The reservoir types in TB are mainly plain reservoirs with an altitude of less than 1500 m and an area of less than 10 km2, accounting for about 88% of the total number of reservoirs. (3) The surface area of the reservoirs increased at a significant rate (p &lt; 0.05) of 12.45 km2\/y from 401 km2 in 1990 to 766 km2 in 2019. (4) The evaporation rate of the reservoirs increased at a slight trend of 0.004 mm\/d\/a and varied from 2.57 mm\/d in 1990 to 2.39 mm\/d in 2019. Lastly, (5) The evaporation losses of reservoirs in TB significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05) from 4.72 \u00d7 108 m3 to 4.92 \u00d7 108 m3 due to the significant increase in reservoir surface area (p &lt; 0.05) and the slight increase in evaporation rate from 1990 to 2019. This study provides essentials of the reservoir inventory, surface area, and evaporation rate with considerable baseline inferences for TB that may be beneficial for long\u2013term investigations and assist in local water resources decision support and sustainable management in arid regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T21:11:07Z","timestamp":1645737067000},"page":"1105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Identifying Reservoirs and Estimating Evaporation Losses in a Large Arid Inland Basin in Northwestern China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qian-Qian","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"College of Biology and Geography, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China"}]},{"given":"Ya-Ning","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0345-0405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue-Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Jian-Li","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}]},{"given":"Guang-Hui","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16757-w","article-title":"Climate change will affect global water availability through compounding changes in seasonal precipitation and evaporation","volume":"11","author":"Konapala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6092","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL078343","article-title":"Automatic Correction of Contaminated Images for Assessment of Reservoir Surface Area Dynamics","volume":"45","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2017.10.007","article-title":"A remote sensing method for estimating regional reservoir area and evaporative loss","volume":"555","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/wej.12620","article-title":"Comparison of methods for estimating loss from water storage by evaporation and impacts on reservoir management","volume":"35","author":"Bozorgi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Environ. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"061002","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7620\/ab92af","article-title":"Distribution of small seasonal reservoirs in semi-arid regions and associated evaporative losses","volume":"2","author":"Mady","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.03.015","article-title":"Estimating reservoir evaporation losses for the United States: Fusing remote sensing and modeling approaches","volume":"226","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126142","article-title":"Estimation of reservoir evaporation losses for China","volume":"596","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1029\/2018RG000598","article-title":"Detecting, Extracting, and Monitoring Surface Water From Space Using Optical Sensors: A Review","volume":"56","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/wat2.1065","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of large lakes and reservoirs: From elevation and area to storage","volume":"2","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wires Water"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, Y., Jiang, W.G., Tang, Z.H., Ling, Z.Y., and Wu, Z.F. (2019). Long-Term Changes of Open-Surface Water Bodies in the Yangtze River Basin Based on the Google Earth Engine Cloud Platform. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192213"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.B., Ma, J., Xiao, X.M., Wang, X.X., Dai, S.Q., and Zhao, B. (2019). Long-Term Dynamic of Poyang Lake Surface Water: A Mapping Work Based on the Google Earth Engine Cloud Platform. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11030313"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, H.M., Zhao, J.Y., Qin, Y., Yang, J., Cui, Y.P., Song, H.Q., and Meng, Q.M. (2019). Changes in Water Surface Area during 1989-2017 in the Huai River Basin using Landsat Data and Google Earth Engine. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11151824"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J.H., Kang, T.T., Yang, S., Bu, J.Y., Cao, K.X., and Gao, Y.C. (2020). Open-Surface Water Bodies Dynamics Analysis in the Tarim River Basin (North-Western China), Based on Google Earth Engine Cloud Platform. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12102822"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1948.0037","article-title":"Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass","volume":"193","author":"Penman","year":"1948","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1029\/WR004i005p01137","article-title":"The Response of Water Temperature to Meteorological Conditions","volume":"4","author":"Edinger","year":"1968","journal-title":"Water Resour Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(82)90091-9","article-title":"Temperature and energy-balance of a water reservoir determined from standard weather data of a land station","volume":"59","author":"Debruin","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(99)00034-7","article-title":"Stream temperature air temperature relationship: A physical interpretation","volume":"218","author":"Mohseni","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2011.11.017","article-title":"An area-dependent wind function for estimating open water evaporation using land-based meteorological data","volume":"31","author":"McJannet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Modell Softw."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-17-1331-2013","article-title":"Estimating actual, potential, reference crop and pan evaporation using standard meteorological data: A pragmatic synthesis","volume":"17","author":"McMahon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Shi, K.B., and Chen, L.L. (2016). Water Saving in the Plain Reservoirs in the Inland Arid Region and Prevention of Salinization in Surrounding Soil, China Water Conservancy Hydropower."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-019-02214-x","article-title":"Water Savings Efficiency of Counterweighted Spheres Covering a Plain Reservoir in an Arid Area","volume":"33","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"19","article-title":"Estimation of evaporation from Shangyou Reservoir in Aksu Basin","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"1984","journal-title":"Xinjiag Geogr."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"81","article-title":"Study on evaporation rules of plain reservoir in Aksu river basin under background of climate change","volume":"25","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Water Res. Water Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"31","article-title":"Study on evaporation change of reservoirs in Yarkant River Basin under climate change","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Yangtze River"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"28","article-title":"A tentative discussion on the impact of climate on surface water resources in Xinjiang","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2016.06.038","article-title":"River network evolution and fluvial process responses to human activity in a hyper-arid environment\u2014Case of the Tarim River in Northwest China","volume":"147","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"29","article-title":"Surface water resources and runoff composition in the Tarim River Basin","volume":"18","author":"You","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arid Land Geogr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.124791","article-title":"Remote sensing estimation of catchment-scale reservoir water impoundment in the upper Yellow River and implications for river discharge alteration","volume":"585","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.07.008","article-title":"Detecting trends in forest disturbance and recovery using yearly Landsat time series: 1. LandTrendr\u2014Temporal segmentation algorithms","volume":"114","author":"Kennedy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.06.012","article-title":"Automated cloud, cloud shadow, and snow detection in multitemporal Landsat data: An algorithm designed specifically for monitoring land cover change","volume":"152","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Driving forces of land surface temperature anomalous changes in North America in 2002\u20132018","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.341","article-title":"Continuous monitoring of lake dynamics on the Mongolian Plateau using all available Landsat imagery and Google Earth Engine","volume":"689","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125905","article-title":"An integrated assessment of surface water dynamics in the Irtysh River Basin during 1990\u20132019 and exploratory factor analyses","volume":"593","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1968.10480934","article-title":"Estimates of the Regression Coefficient Based on Kendall\u2019s Tau","volume":"63","author":"Sen","year":"1968","journal-title":"Publ. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2307\/1907187","article-title":"Non-parametric tests against trend","volume":"13","author":"Mann","year":"1945","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"86","article-title":"Rank Correlation Method","volume":"25","author":"Kendall","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasec.2020.100070","article-title":"The need to integrate flood and drought disaster risk reduction strategies","volume":"11","author":"Ward","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Secur."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"322","article-title":"70 years of dam construction in Xinjiang","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. China Inst. Water Resour. Hydropower Res."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"78","article-title":"Efficient utilization of water resources and layout of major water conservancy projects in Southern Xinjiang","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Resour. Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1409","article-title":"Main problems and countermeasures of reservoir dam construction in Xinjiang in the new period","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arid Land Geogr."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"180","article-title":"Analysis of plain reservoir seepage and downstream soil salinization in arid area","volume":"25","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Water Resour. Water Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3557","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-017-1685-7","article-title":"Adaptation Strategy to Mitigate the Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: A Case Study","volume":"31","author":"Mohammed","year":"2000","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03240-9","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variations of agricultural water footprint and its economic benefits in Xinjiang, northwestern China","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"605","article-title":"Monitoring and analysis of ecological benefits of water conveyance in the lower reaches of Tarim River in recent 20 years","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arid Land Geogr."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"929","article-title":"Effect of Evaporation on the Haditha Reservoir on the Euphrates River in Iraq and Recommendations for Reducing Evaporation Losses","volume":"13","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2020.106227","article-title":"Evaporation loss and energy balance of agricultural reservoirs covered with counterweighted spheres in arid region","volume":"238","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/5\/1105\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:26:09Z","timestamp":1760135169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/5\/1105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14051105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14051105","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]}}}