{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T15:29:30Z","timestamp":1775143770520,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, several methodologies, implemented for satellite or terrestrial surveys, reveal that daily and weekly site-positioning time series can exhibit linear trends plus seasonal oscillations. Such periodic components affect the evaluation of subsidence rates and, thus, they must be recognized and properly modelled. In this work, the periodic component of vertical land motion in Po Delta (Northern Italy) is estimated by a multi-component and multi-source procedure recently proposed by some of the authors for studying land subsidence in delta areas. First, land vertical motion data, acquired in the central part of the Po Delta over a six-year time interval, were compared with hydro-meteorological and climate datasets collected from nineteen stations distributed over the entire Delta. Then, four physically based models of the test site were implemented to verify the water pressure- and water mass-dependent processes inferred from the analytical phase. Modelling results show that the annual ground oscillation is better explained by soil moisture change, although river water mass variation gives a relevant contribution to land deformation, especially in the wet periods. Finally, to account for intra-annual processes, the joint contributions of all the inferred sources were treated as a nonlinear problem and solved applying the generalized reduced gradient method. The obtained combination is well supported by statistical parameters and provides the best agreement with the geodetic observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T21:11:07Z","timestamp":1645737067000},"page":"1126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Analysis of the Periodic Component of Vertical Land Motion in the Po Delta (Northern Italy) by GNSS and Hydrological Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2205-3317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Vitagliano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Environment and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0559-8983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enza","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Environment and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Environment and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5462-9961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Piccinini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4901-8522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Fabris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3480-3667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Calcaterra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Environment and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Di Maio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Environment and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.5194\/piahs-372-315-2015","article-title":"Evolution of the techniques for subsidence monitoring at regional scale: The case of Emilia-Romagna region (Italy)","volume":"372","author":"Bitelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. IAHS"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106801","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/79\/10\/106801","article-title":"Physical applications of GPS geodesy: A review","volume":"79","author":"Bock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Webb, F.H., and Zumberge, J.F. (1997). An introduction to GIPSY\/OASIS II. JPL Publ."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Dach, R., Lutz, S., Walser, P., and Fridez, P. (2015). Bernese GNSS Software Version 5.2; User Manual, Astronomical Institute, University of Bern, Bern Open Publishing."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Herring, T., King, R., and McClusky, S. (2008). Introduction to Gamit\/Globk Technical Report Version 1050, Massachusetts Institute of Technology."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montillet, J.-P., and Bos, M.S. (2019). Modelling the GNSS time series: Different approaches to extract seasonal signals. Geodetic Time Series Analysis in Earth Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21718-1"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Nikolaidis, R. (2002). Observation of Geodetic and Seismic Deformation with the Global Positioning System. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of California]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2006.11.002","article-title":"A continuous GPS coordinate time series analysis strategy for high-accuracy vertical land movements","volume":"33","author":"Teferle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.5194\/se-10-329-2019","article-title":"Precision of continuous GPS velocities from statistical analysis of synthetic time series","volume":"10","author":"Masson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-017-0686-6","article-title":"Detecting time-varying seasonal signal in GPS position time series with different noise levels","volume":"22","author":"Klos","year":"2018","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2013.05.005","article-title":"Singular spectrum analysis for modeling seasonal signals from GPS time series","volume":"72","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B01403","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JB008690","article-title":"On seasonal signals in geodetic time series","volume":"117","author":"Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-016-0918-5","article-title":"An approach for estimating time-variable rates from geodetic time series","volume":"90","author":"Didova","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2015.09.029","article-title":"Monte Carlo SSA to detect time-variable seasonal oscillations from GPS-derived site position time series","volume":"665","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2008.03846.x","article-title":"Instantaneous deformation from continuous GPS: Contributions from quasi-per iodic loads","volume":"174","author":"Bennett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL012120","article-title":"Crustal displacements due to continental water loading","volume":"28","author":"Wahr","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L15401","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL038718","article-title":"Detecting hydrologic deformation using GRACE and GPS","volume":"36","author":"Tregoning","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B02408","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JB003716","article-title":"Observation and modeling of thermoelastic strain in Southern California Integrated GPS Network daily position time series","volume":"111","author":"Prawirodirdjo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B03409","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JB004448","article-title":"Space geodetic observation of expansion of the San Gabriel Valley California aquifer system during heavy rainfall in winter 2004\u20132005","volume":"112","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L13301","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL038152","article-title":"Contributions of thermal expansion of monuments and nearby bedrock to observed GPS height changes","volume":"36","author":"Yan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2113\/8.3.155","article-title":"Land subsidence in Las Vegas Nevada 1935\u20132000: New geodetic data show evolution revised spatial patterns and reduced rates","volume":"8","author":"Bell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaap9234","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aap9234","article-title":"Global climate change and local land subsidence exacerbate inundation risk to the San Francisco Bay Area","volume":"4","author":"Shirzaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.5194\/piahs-382-583-2020","article-title":"Land Subsidence risk maps and InSAR based angular distortion structural vulnerability assessment: An example in Mexico City","volume":"382","author":"Havazli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. IAHS"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitagliano, E., Riccardi, U., Piegari, E., Boy, J.-P., and Di Maio, R. (2020). Multi-Component and Multi-Source Approach for Studying Land Subsidence in Deltas. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12091465"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"19","article-title":"Survey and geometric analysis of the phenomena of subsidence in the region of Venice and its hinterland","volume":"21","author":"Caputo","year":"1972","journal-title":"Riv. Ital. Geofis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2009.09.023","article-title":"GPS-based monitoring of land subsidence in the Po Plain (Northern Italy)","volume":"288","author":"Baldi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Earth Planet Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.4236\/ijg.2014.56052","article-title":"Estimation of Subsidence in Po Delta Area (Northern Italy) by Integration of GPS Data High-Precision Leveling and Archival Orthometric Elevations","volume":"5","author":"Fabris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8724","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1490977","article-title":"Estimation of land subsidence in deltaic areas through differential SAR interferometry: The Po River Delta case study (Northeast Italy)","volume":"39","author":"Fiaschi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2020, May 23). MAB Program UNESCO. Available online: https:\/\/enunescoorg\/mab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.104","article-title":"Coupling land use evolution and subsidence in the Po Delta Italy: Revising the past occurrence and prospecting the future management challenges","volume":"654","author":"Corbau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2005.06.029","article-title":"The interplay of eustasy climate and human activity in the Late Quaternary depositional evolution and sedimentary architecture of the Po Delta system","volume":"222\u2013223","author":"Stefani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2005.06.039","article-title":"The modern Po Delta system Lobe switching and asymmetric prodelta growth","volume":"222\u2013223","author":"Correggiari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giosan, L., and Bhattacharya, J.P. (2005). Depositional patterns in the Late-Holocene Po delta system. River Deltas\u2014Concepts Models and Examples, SEPM Special Publication.","DOI":"10.2110\/pec.05.83"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2015.10.010","article-title":"Onshore to offshore anatomy of a late Quaternary source-to-sink system (Po Plain\u2013Adriatic Sea Italy)","volume":"153","author":"Amorosi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2016.11.003","article-title":"Mapping turbidity patterns in the Po river prodelta using multi-temporal Landsat 8 imagery","volume":"198","author":"Braga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Trampe, A. (2018). The Detection of Turbidity Plumes in the Po River Prodelta Using Multispectral Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 Imagery. [M.Sc. Thesis, Kiel University]."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Pecora, S., and Ricciardi, G. (2018, January 28). Runoff fluctuations of Po River and its tributaries. Proceedings of the Eu.watercenter Annual Conference, Parma, Italy. (In Italian)."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"47","article-title":"The Po river delta evolution","volume":"2","author":"Marabini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geo-Eco-Marina"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2005.08.029","article-title":"On the flux of water and sediment into the Northern Adriatic Sea","volume":"27","author":"Syvitski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1525\/elementa.139","article-title":"River delta shoreline reworking and erosion in the Mediterranean and Black Seas: The potential roles of fluvial sediment starvation and other factors","volume":"5","author":"Besset","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elem. Sci. Anthr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2018.1561528","article-title":"Coastline evolution of the Po River Delta (Italy) by archival multi-temporal digital photogrammetry","volume":"10","author":"Fabris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"325","article-title":"Land motions in Central and Northern Italy","volume":"16","author":"Salvioni","year":"1957","journal-title":"Boll. Geod. Sci. Affin."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"567","article-title":"Po Delta subsidence: Early outlines of a cinematic phenomenon","volume":"10","author":"Puppo","year":"1957","journal-title":"Metano Petrol. Nuove Energ."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"13","article-title":"Water-methane production in the Polesano and Ferrarese Basins Critical review","volume":"425","author":"Borgia","year":"1982","journal-title":"Inarcos"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Study of soil lowering in the Bolognese area through repeated leveling: Analysis of movements and statistical considerations","volume":"506","author":"Barbarella","year":"1990","journal-title":"Inarcos"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.08.002","article-title":"Mapping regional land displacements in the Venice coastland by an integrated monitoring system","volume":"98","author":"Teatini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B08407","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JB008122","article-title":"Quantitative evidence that compaction of Holocene sediments drives the present land subsidence of the Po Delta Italy","volume":"116","author":"Teatini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s12210-010-0084-2","article-title":"Ground Surface Dynamics in the Northern Adriatic Coastland over the Last Two Decades","volume":"21","author":"Tosi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rend. Lincei"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tosi, L., Da Lio, C., Strozzi, T., and Teatini, P. (2016). Combining L- and X-Band SAR Interferometry to Assess Ground Displacements in Heterogeneous Coastal Environments: The Po River Delta and Venice Lagoon Italy. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8040308"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2013.07.004","article-title":"Present vertical movements in Central and Northern Italy from GPS data: Possible role of natural and anthropogenic causes","volume":"71","author":"Cenni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Zambon, M. (1967, January 20). Subsidence of the Ground for Water and Gas Extractions: Deductions and Addresses Logically Consequent for the Settlement of the Po River Delta. Proceedings of the 23nd National Conference on \u201cRemediation\u201d, Rome, Italy. (In Italian)."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Colombo, C., and Tosini, L. (2010). Sixty Years of Land Reclamation in Po Delta Area Padua (Italy), Papergraf Spa. (In Italian)."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blewitt, G., Hammond, W.C., and Kreemer, C. (2018). Harnessing the GPS data explosion for interdisciplinary science. Eos, 99.","DOI":"10.1029\/2018EO104623"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6109","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JB013098","article-title":"ITRF2014: A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame modeling nonlinear station motions","volume":"121","author":"Altamimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2013.01.016","article-title":"Modeling surface GPS velocities in the Southern and Eastern Alps by finite dislocations at crustal depths","volume":"590","author":"Caporali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.5194\/npg-11-561-2004","article-title":"Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series","volume":"11","author":"Grinsted","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nonlinear Proc. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Smith, S.W. (2013). Moving Average Filters. Digital Signal Processing: A Practical Guide for Engineers and Scientists, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Barbarella, M., Cenni, N., Gandolfi, S., Ricucci, L., and Zanutta, A. (2009, January 22\u201325). Technical and Scientific Aspects Derived by the Processing of GNSS Networks using Different Approaches and Software. Proceedings of the 22nd Intern Tech Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Inst of Navigation (ION GNSS 2009), Savannah, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-16-3739-2012","article-title":"Hydrology of the Po River: Looking for changing patterns in river discharge","volume":"16","author":"Montanari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Kendall, M.G. (1970). Rank Correlation Methods, Griffin. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Buck, J.R., Daniel, M.M., and Singer, A.C. (2002). Computer Explorations in Signals and Systems Using MATLAB\u00ae Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall Publishing. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rashvand, M., Li, J., and Liu, Y. (2019). Coupled Stress-Dependent Groundwater Flow-Deformation Model to Predict Land Subsidence in Basins with Highly Compressible Deposits. Hydrology, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrology6030078"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-016-5654-x","article-title":"Numerical simulation of groundwater flow and aquifer-system compaction using simulation and InSAR technique: Saveh basin Iran","volume":"75","author":"Jafari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-3707(03)00012-7","article-title":"Influence of soil consolidation and thermal expansion effects on height and gravity variations","volume":"35","author":"Romagnoli","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2001WR001252","article-title":"Inverse modeling of interbed storage parameters using land subsidence observations Antelope Valley California","volume":"39","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Resour Res"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harbaugh, A.W. (2005). MODFLOW-2005 the US Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model\u2014The Ground-Water Flow Process.","DOI":"10.3133\/tm6A16"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Geological Survey of Italy (2009). Geological Map of Italy 1:50,000 Sheet 187 Codigoro, ISPRA. (In Italian)."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.23153","article-title":"Model Evaluation Guidelines for Systematic Quantification of Accuracy in Watershed Simulations","volume":"50","author":"Moriasi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(70)90255-6","article-title":"River flow forecasting through conceptual models: Part 1 A discussion of principles","volume":"10","author":"Nash","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Anderson, M.P., Woessner, W.W., and Hunt, R.J. (2015). Applied Groundwater Modeling, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-020-0959-3","article-title":"Correcting GPS measurements for non-tidal loading","volume":"24","author":"Memin","year":"2020","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-85-3-381","article-title":"The Global Land Data Assimilation System","volume":"85","author":"Rodell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5419","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0758.1","article-title":"The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA-2)","volume":"30","author":"Gelaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0720.1","article-title":"Assessment of MERRA-2 Land Surface Hydrology Estimates","volume":"30","author":"Reichle","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Modelling the barotropic response of the global ocean to atmospheric wind and pressure forcing\u2014comparisons with observations","volume":"30","author":"Lyard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2018.02.003","article-title":"Superposition model for analyzing the dynamic ground subsidence in mining area of thick loose layer","volume":"28","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4099","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GC007608","article-title":"Emergence\/subsidence histories along the Carnegie and Cocos Ridge sand their bearing upon biological speciation in the Gal\u00e1pagos","volume":"19","author":"Richards","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.03.041","article-title":"Closed-form equation for subsidence due to fluid production from a cylindrical confined aquifer","volume":"573","author":"Jayeoba","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-019-01485-3","article-title":"Surface subsidence prediction method of backfill-strip mining in coal mining","volume":"78","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"73","article-title":"Nonlinear Optimization Using the Generalized Reduced Gradient Method","volume":"8","author":"Lasdon","year":"1974","journal-title":"Rev. Fran\u00e7. D\u2019automat. Inform. Rech. Op\u00e9r. Rech. Op\u00e9rationnelle"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5021","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-014-0787-8","article-title":"Comparison and Validation of Selected Evapotranspiration Models for Conditions in Poland (Central Europe)","volume":"28","author":"Bogawski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2017.10.008","article-title":"Calibration of groundwater vulnerability mapping using the generalized reduced gradient method","volume":"207","author":"Elci","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2307\/2685263","article-title":"Thirteen ways to look at the correlation coefficient","volume":"42","author":"Rodgers","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"200","article-title":"Inter-annual variations of degree 2 from geodetic observations and surface processes","volume":"225","author":"Rosat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Intern."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/5\/1126\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:26:56Z","timestamp":1760135216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/5\/1126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14051126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14051126","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]}}}