{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T04:51:33Z","timestamp":1783831893067,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological  Satellites Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (OSI-SAF) Visiting Scientist Program","award":["OSI-SAF-AVS-15-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OSI-SAF-AVS-15-02"]}]},{"name":"Spanish R&amp;D projects L-BAND (ESP2017-89463-C3-1-R), \u201cERDF A way of making Europe\u201d and INTERACT (PID2020-114623RB-C31)","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"\u2018Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence\u2019","award":["CEX2019-000928-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2019-000928-S"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Air\u2013sea fluxes are greatly enhanced by the winds and vertical exchanges generated by mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). In contrast to global numerical weather prediction models, space-borne scatterometers are able to resolve the small-scale wind variability in and near MCSs at the ocean surface. Downbursts of heavy rain in MCSs produce strong gusts and large divergence and vorticity in surface winds. In this paper, 12.5 km wind fields from the ASCAT-A and ASCAT-B tandem mission, collocated with short time series of Meteosat Second Generation 3 km rain fields, are used to quantify correlations between wind divergence and rain in the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) of the Atlantic Ocean. We show that when there is extreme rain, there is extreme convergence\/divergence in the vicinity. Probability distributions for wind divergence and rain rates were found to be heavy-tailed: exponential tails for wind divergence (P\u223ce\u2212\u03b1\u03b4 with slopes that flatten with increasing rain rate), and power-law tails for rain rates (P\u223c(R*)\u2212\u03b2 with a slower and approximately equal decay for the extremes of convergence and divergence). Co-occurring points are tabulated in two-by-two contingency tables from which cross-correlations are calculated in terms of the odds and odds ratio for each time lag in the collocation. The odds ratio for extreme convergence and extreme divergence both have a well-defined peak. The divergence time lag is close to zero, while it is 30 min for the convergence peak, implying that extreme rain generally appears after (lags) extreme convergence. The temporal scale of moist convection is thus determined by the slower updraft process, as expected. A structural analysis was carried out that demonstrates consistency with the known structure of MCSs. This work demonstrates that (tandem) ASCAT winds are well suited for air\u2013sea exchange studies in moist convection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:48:33Z","timestamp":1645994913000},"page":"1147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Correlating Extremes in Wind Divergence with Extremes in Rain over the Tropical Atlantic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0008-2814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory P.","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences, Pg. Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9972-9090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Portabella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences, Pg. Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6455-4630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenming","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4018-4073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ad","family":"Stoffelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), NL-3731 GA De Bilt, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17.1","DOI":"10.1175\/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-18-0001.1","article-title":"100 Years of Research on Mesoscale Convective Systems","volume":"59","author":"Houze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meteorol. 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