{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T04:06:34Z","timestamp":1778040394024,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Multigovernment International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Key Project of the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2018YFE0184300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFE0184300"]}]},{"name":"EU Erasmus+ Project \u201cInnovation on Remote Sensing Education and Learning (IRSEL)\u201d","award":["586037-EPP-1-2017-1-HU-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["586037-EPP-1-2017-1-HU-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP"]}]},{"name":"EU Erasmus+ Project \u201cGIS and Remote Sensing for Sustainable Forestry and Ecology (SUFOGIS)\u201d","award":["598838-EPP-1-2018-EL-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["598838-EPP-1-2018-EL-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005270","name":"Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018I0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018I0005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we conduct a correlation analysis between the daily occurrence times of the increase and decrease anomalies in the global total electron content (TEC) in the ionosphere, and the daily earthquake energy release within 110\u2013130\u00b0E longitude over the following three latitude regions: A: 13\u00b0S\u20130.5\u00b0S (22.3\u00b0S\u201310\u00b0S geomagnetic), B: 0.5\u00b0S\u201319.5\u00b0N (10\u00b0S\u201310\u00b0N geomagnetic), and C: 19.5\u00b0N\u201332.1\u00b0N (10\u00b0N\u201322.5\u00b0N geomagnetic). The TEC data from global ionosphere maps (GIMs) during earthquake events of M \u2265 2.5 that occurred in 2015\u20132018 are used in this study. The time series of daily seismic wave energy releases within the three regions and the daily occurrence times of the TEC anomalies in each GIM grid are computed. By time-shifting the time series, the correlations are calculated and compared globally, and the temporal characteristics are also examined. The disturbance storm time (Dst) index, planetary geomagnetic index Kp, and daily observed 10.7 cm solar flux (F10.7) are used to remove data associated with space weather variations. Although the seismo-ionospheric precursor is not confirmed by the statistical investigations, the greater occurrence times of TEC decrease anomalies are observed in the southeast in Region A, and the conjugate point 13 days prior to a M6.9 earthquake in Region A, which occurred on 5 August 2018, in accordance with the statistical results. Therefore, it is required to apply more parameters to understand the causes of the ionospheric TEC variations and investigate whether ionospheric variations are caused by earthquakes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:48:33Z","timestamp":1645994913000},"page":"1155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Study of Possible Correlations between Seismo-Ionospheric Anomalies of GNSS Total Electron Content and Earthquake Energy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yung-Chih","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postdoctoral Research Station of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Mountain Ecology of the Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"},{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinming","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postdoctoral Research Station of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Mountain Ecology of the Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"},{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03352489","article-title":"Geomagnetic Fluctuations during the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake in Taiwan","volume":"56","author":"Yen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Earth Planets Space"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3319\/TAO.2004.15.3.361(EP)","article-title":"Changes of Geomagnetic Total Field and Occurrences of Earthquakes in Taiwan","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Terr. 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