{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T10:35:36Z","timestamp":1773916536895,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 32171785, U1809208, 31901310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 32171785, U1809208, 31901310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urbanization inevitably poses a threat to urban ecology by altering its external structure and internal attributes. Nighttime light (NTL) has become increasingly extensive and practical, offering a special perspective on the world in revealing urbanization. In this study, we applied the Normalized Impervious Surface Index (NISI) constructed by NTL and MODIS NDVI to examine the urbanization process in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). Geographical detectors combined with factors involving human and natural influences were utilized to investigate the drive mechanism. Urban ecology stress was evaluated based on changes in urban morphological patterns and fractional vegetation cover (FVC). The results showed that the NISI can largely overcome the obstacle of directly coupling NTL data in performing urbanization and has efficient applicability in the long-term pixel scale. Built-up areas in the YRD increased by 2.83 times during the past two decades, from 2053.5 to 7872.5 km2. Urbanization intensity has saturated the city center and is spilling over into the suburbs, which show a \u201ccold to hot\u201d spatial clustering distribution. Economic factors are the primary forces driving urbanization, and road network density is becoming essential as factor that reflects urban infrastructure. Urban geometry pattern changes in fractal dimension (FD) and compactness revealed the ecological stress from changing urban external structure, and internal ecological stress was clear from the negative effect on 63.4% FVC. This impact gradually increased in urban expanded area and synchronously decreased when urbanization saturated the core area. An analysis of ecological stress caused by urbanization from changing physical structure and social attributes can provide evidence for urban management and coordinated development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:48:33Z","timestamp":1645994913000},"page":"1160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Spatiotemporal Patterns and Driving Force of Urbanization and Its Impact on Urban Ecology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Meng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6765-2279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huaqiang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guomo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangjie","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuejian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lv","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Di\u2019en","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanxin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7443-6515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zihao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.10.020","article-title":"The impairment of environmental sustainability due to rapid urbanization in the dryland region of northern China","volume":"187","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landsc. 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