{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T02:12:38Z","timestamp":1768011158603,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03G0906B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03G0906B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mapping of lava flows in unvegetated areas of active volcanoes using optical satellite data is challenging due to spectral similarities of volcanic deposits and the surrounding background. Using very high-resolution PlanetScope data, this study introduces a novel object-oriented classification approach for mapping lava flows in both vegetated and unvegetated areas during several eruptive phases of three Indonesian volcanoes (Karangetang 2018\/2019, Agung 2017, Krakatau 2018\/2019). For this, change detection analysis based on PlanetScope imagery for mapping loss of vegetation due to volcanic activity (e.g., lava flows) is combined with the analysis of changes in texture and brightness, with hydrological runoff modelling and with analysis of thermal anomalies derived from Sentinel-2 or Landsat-8. Qualitative comparison of the mapped lava flows showed good agreement with multispectral false color time series (Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8). Reports of the Global Volcanism Program support the findings, indicating the developed lava mapping approach produces valuable results for monitoring volcanic hazards. Despite the lack of bands in infrared wavelengths, PlanetScope proves beneficial for the assessment of risk and near-real-time monitoring of active volcanoes due to its high spatial (3 m) and temporal resolution (mapping of all subaerial volcanoes on a daily basis).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:48:33Z","timestamp":1645994913000},"page":"1168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Detailed Mapping of Lava and Ash Deposits at Indonesian Volcanoes by Means of VHR PlanetScope Change Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Moritz","family":"R\u00f6sch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Geology, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Muenchener Str. 20, 82234 Wessling, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5793-052X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Plank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Muenchener Str. 20, 82234 Wessling, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2191-5040-2-2","article-title":"A statistical analysis of the global historical volcanic fatalities record","volume":"2","author":"Auker","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loughlin, S., Sparks, S., Brown, S.K., Jenkins, S.F., and Vye-Brown, C. (2015). Global volcanic hazard and risk. Global Volcanic Hazards and Risk, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781316276273"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay9070","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay9070","article-title":"Cyclic lava effusion during the 2018 eruption of K\u012blauea Volcano","volume":"366","author":"Patrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2011.06.006","article-title":"Volcanic ash impacts on critical infrastructure","volume":"45\u201346","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physics Chem. Earth Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-006-0052-y","article-title":"The respiratory health hazards of volcanic ash: A review for volcanic risk mitigation","volume":"69","author":"Horwell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2017.01.025","article-title":"Human survival in volcanic eruptions: Thermal injuries in pyroclastic surges, their causes, prognosis and emergency management","volume":"43","author":"Baxter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2012.12.021","article-title":"Evaluation of the impact of the 2010 pyroclastic density currents at Merapi volcano from high-resolution satellite imagery, field investigations and numerical simulations","volume":"261","author":"Charbonnier","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Sigurdsson, H. (2015). Lahars and Their Deposits. Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11946","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48327-6","article-title":"Modelling of the tsunami from the December 22, 2018 lateral collapse of Anak Krakatau volcano in the Sunda Straits, Indonesia","volume":"9","author":"Grilli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12284-5","article-title":"Complex hazard cascade culminating in the Anak Krakatau sector collapse","volume":"10","author":"Walter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.28.1.81","article-title":"Remote Sensing of Active Volcanoes","volume":"28","author":"Francis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12061","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/485\/1\/012061","article-title":"Eruption on Indonesia\u2019s volcanic islands: A review of potential hazards, fatalities, and management","volume":"485","author":"Hidayat","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2012.07.012","article-title":"Merapi 2010 eruption\u2014Chronology and extrusion rates monitored with satellite radar and used in eruption forecasting","volume":"261","author":"Pallister","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111426","article-title":"How the variety of satellite remote sensing data over volcanoes can assist hazard monitoring efforts: The 2011 eruption of Nabro volcano","volume":"236","author":"Ganci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchese, F., Neri, M., Falconieri, A., Lacava, T., Mazzeo, G., Pergola, N., and Tramutoli, V. (2018). The Contribution of Multi-Sensor Infrared Satellite Observations to Monitor Mt. Etna (Italy) Activity during May to August 2016. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10121948"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79261-7","article-title":"The short life of the volcanic island New Late'iki (Tonga) analyzed by multi-sensor remote sensing data","volume":"10","author":"Plank","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2019.106704","article-title":"Growth and collapse of a littoral lava dome during the 2018\/19 eruption of Kadovar Volcano, Papua New Guinea, analyzed by multi-sensor satellite imagery","volume":"388","author":"Plank","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldeghi, A., Carn, S., Escobar-Wolf, R., and Groppelli, G. (2019). Volcano Monitoring from Space Using High-Cadence Planet CubeSat Images Applied to Fuego Volcano, Guatemala. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11182151"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12088","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/708\/1\/012088","article-title":"Changes in Anak Krakatau landscape after December 2018 eruption","volume":"708","author":"Ginting","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-015-0908-0","article-title":"High-spatial-resolution imagery helps map deposits of the large (VEI 4) 2010 Merapi Volcano eruption and their impact","volume":"77","author":"Solikhin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.09.028","article-title":"Tracing the evolution of 2010 Merapi volcanic deposits (Indonesia) based on object-oriented classification and analysis of multi-temporal, very high resolution images","volume":"170","author":"Thouret","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corradino, C., Ganci, G., Cappello, A., Bilotta, G., H\u00e9rault, A., and Del Negro, C. (2019). Mapping Recent Lava Flows at Mount Etna Using Multispectral Sentinel-2 Images and Machine Learning Techniques. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11161916"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, W.I., Bluth, G.J.S., Carr, M.J., Ewert, J.W., Patino, L.C., and Vallance, J.W. (2006). Downstream aggradation owing to lava dome extrusion and rainfall runoff at Volc\u00e1n Santiaguito, Guatemala. Volcanic hazards in Central America, Geological Society of America.","DOI":"10.1130\/SPE412"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2017.07.014","article-title":"Testing random forest classification for identifying lava flows and mapping age groups on a single Landsat 8 image","volume":"345","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0273(00)00150-5","article-title":"Lahars at Merapi volcano, Central Java: An overview","volume":"100","author":"Lavigne","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aufaristama, M., Hoskuldsson, A., Jonsdottir, I., Ulfarsson, M., and Thordarson, T. (2018). New Insights for Detecting and Deriving Thermal Properties of Lava Flow Using Infrared Satellite during 2014\u20132015 Effusive Eruption at Holuhraun, Iceland. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010151"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2020.00022","article-title":"Synergic Use of Multi-Sensor Satellite Data for Volcanic Hazards Monitoring: The Fogo (Cape Verde) 2014\u20132015 Effusive Eruption","volume":"8","author":"Bignami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plank, S., Marchese, F., Filizzola, C., Pergola, N., Neri, M., Nolde, M., and Martinis, S. (2019). The July\/August 2019 Lava Flows at the Sciara del Fuoco, Stromboli\u2013Analysis from Multi-Sensor Infrared Satellite Imagery. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11232879"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0273(83)90129-4","article-title":"An introduction to the Sangihe arc: Volcanism accompanying arc\u2014Arc collision in the Molucca Sea, Indonesia","volume":"19","author":"Morrice","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Venzke, E. (2013). Karangetang (267020). Volcanoes of the World, v. 4.10.1 (29 Jun 2021), Smithsonian Institution. Available online: https:\/\/volcano.si.edu\/volcano.cfm?vn=267020."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2019). Global Volcanism Program. Report on Karangetang (Indonesia)\u2014May 2019. Bull. Glob. Volcanism Netw., 44, 5.","DOI":"10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN201905-267020"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2019). Global Volcanism Program. Report on Karangetang (Indonesia)\u2014December 2019. Bull. Glob. Volcanism Netw., 44, 12.","DOI":"10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN201912-267020"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2020). Global Volcanism Program. Report on Karangetang (Indonesia)\u2014June 2020. Bull. Glob. Volcanism Netw., 4, 6."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-015-0943-x","article-title":"A 5000-year record of multiple highly explosive mafic eruptions from Gunung Agung (Bali, Indonesia): Implications for eruption frequency and volcanic hazards","volume":"77","author":"Fontijn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Venzke, E. (2013). Agung (264020). Volcanoes of the World, v. 4.10.1 (29 Jun 2021), Smithsonian Institution. Available online: https:\/\/volcano.si.edu\/volcano.cfm?vn=264020."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2018). Global Volcanism Program. Report on Agung (Indonesia)\u2014January 2018. Bull. Global Volcanism Netw., 43, 1.","DOI":"10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN201801-264020"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchese, F., Falconieri, A., Pergola, N., and Tramutoli, V. (2018). Monitoring the Agung (Indonesia) Ash Plume of November 2017 by Means of Infrared Himawari 8 Data. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060919"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Venzke, E. (2013). Krakatau (262000). Volcanoes of the World, v. 4.10.1 (29 Jun 2021), Smithsonian Institution. Available online: https:\/\/volcano.si.edu\/volcano.cfm?vn=262000."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/294699a0","article-title":"The 1883 eruption of Krakatau","volume":"294","author":"Self","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12023","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/256\/1\/012023","article-title":"Volcanic Eruption-Induced Tsunami in Indonesia: A Review","volume":"256","author":"Mutaqin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2018). Global Volcanism Program. Report on Krakatau (Indonesia)\u2014October 2018. Bull. Glob. Volcanism Netw., 43, 10.","DOI":"10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN201810-262000"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2019). Global Volcanism Program. Report on Krakatau (Indonesia)\u2014March 2019. Bull. Glob. Volcanism Netw., 44, 3.","DOI":"10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN201903-262000"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghuffar, S. (2018). DEM Generation from Multi Satellite PlanetScope Imagery. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091462"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Planet Labs (2021, July 08). PlanetScope Product Specifications. Available online: https:\/\/assets.planet.com\/docs\/Planet_PSScene_Imagery_Product_Spec_June_2021.pdf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4233","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-23-4233-2019","article-title":"River-ice and water velocities using the Planet optical cubesat constellation","volume":"23","author":"Altena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchese, F., Genzano, N., Neri, M., Falconieri, A., Mazzeo, G., and Pergola, N. (2019). A Multi-Channel Algorithm for Mapping Volcanic Thermal Anomalies by Means of Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat-8 OLI Data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11232876"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"European Space Agency (2021, July 20). Sentinel-2 User Handbook. Available online: https:\/\/sentinel.esa.int\/documents\/247904\/0\/Sentinel-2_User_Handbook\/8869acdf-fd84-43ec-ae8c-3e80a436a16c."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"U.S. Geological Survey (2021, July 15). Landsat 8 (L8) Data Users Handbook. Available online: https:\/\/prd-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/assets\/palladium\/production\/atoms\/files\/LSDS-1574_L8_Data_Users_Handbook-v5.0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massimetti, F., Coppola, D., Laiolo, M., Valade, S., Cigolini, C., and Ripepe, M. (2020). Volcanic Hot-Spot Detection Using SENTINEL-2: A Comparison with MODIS\u2013MIROVA Thermal Data Series. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu2020-5095"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genzano, N., Pergola, N., and Marchese, F. (2020). A Google Earth Engine Tool to Investigate, Map and Monitor Volcanic Thermal Anomalies at Global Scale by Means of Mid-High Spatial Resolution Satellite Data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193232"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.900693","article-title":"TanDEM-X: A Satellite Formation for High-Resolution SAR Interferometry","volume":"45","author":"Krieger","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Fahrland, E. (2021, July 20). Copernicus Digital Elevation Model (DEM): Product Handbook. Available online: https:\/\/spacedata.copernicus.eu\/documents\/20126\/0\/GEO1988-CopernicusDEM-SPE-002_ProductHandbook_I1.00.pdf\/082dd479-f908-bf42-51bf-4c0053129f7c?t=1586526993604."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"U.S. Geological Survey (2021, July 20). USGS EROS Archive\u2014Digital Elevation: Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 1 Arc-Second Global, Available online: https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/centers\/eros\/science\/usgs-eros-archive-digital-elevation-shuttle-radar-topography-mission-srtm-1-arc?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Alaska Satellite Facility (2021, July 20). ALOS PALSAR\u2014Radiometric Terrain Correction. Available online: https:\/\/asf.alaska.edu\/data-sets\/derived-data-sets\/alos-palsar-rtc\/alos-palsar-radiometric-terrain-correction\/."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168608948944","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of primary production","volume":"7","author":"Tucker","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-189X(84)80011-0","article-title":"The Extraction of Drainage Networks from Digital Elevation Data","volume":"28","author":"Mark","year":"1984","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Processing"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1593","article-title":"Extracting Topographic Structure from Digital Elevation Data for Geographic Information System Analysis","volume":"54","author":"Jenson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cando-J\u00e1come, M., and Mart\u00ednez-Gra\u00f1a, A. (2019). Determination of Primary and Secondary Lahar Flow Paths of the Fuego Volcano (Guatemala) Using Morphometric Parameters. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060727"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.3360050107","article-title":"On the extraction of channel networks from digital elevation data","volume":"5","author":"Tarboton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panuju, D.R., Paull, D.J., and Griffin, A.L. (2020). Change Detection Techniques Based on Multispectral Images for Investigating Land Cover Dynamics. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111781"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4284","article-title":"Dating lava flows of tropical volcanoes by means of spatial modeling of vegetation recovery","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.06.004","article-title":"Object based image analysis for remote sensing","volume":"65","author":"Blaschke","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2003.10.002","article-title":"Multi-resolution, object-oriented fuzzy analysis of remote sensing data for GIS-ready information","volume":"58","author":"Benz","year":"2004","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1973.4309314","article-title":"Textural Features for Image Classification","volume":"SMC-3","author":"Haralick","year":"1973","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, Cybern."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Sigurdsson, H. (2015). Lava Flows and Rheology. Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvari, S., Di Traglia, F., Ganci, G., Giudicepietro, F., Macedonio, G., Cappello, A., Nolesini, T., Pecora, E., Bilotta, G., and Centorrino, V. (2020). Overflows and Pyroclastic Density Currents in March-April 2020 at Stromboli Volcano Detected by Remote Sensing and Seismic Monitoring Data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12183010"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310076","article-title":"Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms","volume":"9","author":"Otsu","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-007-0168-8","article-title":"Simulations of the 2004 lava flow at Etna volcano using the magflow cellular automata model","volume":"70","author":"Fortuna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1998)110<0972:ODOLIH>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Objective delineation of lahar-inundation hazard zones","volume":"110","author":"Iverson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geol. Society Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2007.09.005","article-title":"Evaluation of ASTER and SRTM DEM data for lahar modeling: A case study on lahars from Popocat\u00e9petl Volcano, Mexico","volume":"170","author":"Huggel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2014.04.022","article-title":"Object-oriented classification of a high-spatial resolution SPOT5 image for mapping geology and landforms of active volcanoes: Semeru case study, Indonesia","volume":"221","author":"Kassouk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810601073240","article-title":"An adaptive approach to selecting a flow-partition exponent for a multiple-flow-direction algorithm","volume":"21","author":"Qin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.3360050106","article-title":"The prediction of hillslope flow paths for distributed hydrological modelling using digital terrain models","volume":"5","author":"Quinn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1029\/96WR03137","article-title":"A new method for the determination of flow directions and upslope areas in grid digital elevation models","volume":"33","author":"Tarboton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.03.018","article-title":"HAND, a new terrain descriptor using SRTM-DEM: Mapping terra-firme rainforest environments in Amazonia","volume":"112","author":"Nobre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2010.10.011","article-title":"Rapid topographic change measured by high-resolution satellite radar at Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, 2008\u20132010","volume":"199","author":"Wadge","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GC004016","article-title":"Tracking lava flow emplacement on the east rift zone of K\u012blauea, Hawai\u2018i, with synthetic aperture radar coherence","volume":"13","author":"Dietterich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/5\/1168\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:28:18Z","timestamp":1760135298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/5\/1168"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14051168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14051168","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]}}}