{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T01:26:04Z","timestamp":1776389164403,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key R&amp;D plan of Hainan Province","award":["ZDYF2020206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2020206"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010225","name":"National Outstanding Youth Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. 41925019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 41925019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42175148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42175148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42175147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42175147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The directional polarimetric camera (DPC) is a Chinese satellite sensor with a large field of view (FOV) (\u00b150\u00b0 both along-track and cross-track) and a high spatial resolution (about 3.3 km at nadir) that operates in a sun-synchronous orbit. It is a difficult task to calibrate the in-flight relative radiometric variation of the sensors with such a wide FOV. In this study, a new method based on Rayleigh scattering over the ocean is developed to estimate the radiometric sensitivity variation over the whole FOV of DPC. Firstly, the theoretical uncertainty of the method is analyzed to calibrate the relative radiometric response. The calibration uncertainties are about 2\u20136.9% (depending on the wavelength) when the view zenith angle (VZA) is 0\u00b0 and decrease to about 1\u20133.8% when VZA increases to 70\u00b0. Then, the method is applied to evaluate the long-term radiometric drift of the DPC. It is found that the radiometric response of DPC\/GaoFen-5 over the whole FOV is progressively drifting over time. The sensitivity at shorter bands decreases more strongly than longer bands, and at the central part of the optics decreases more strongly than the marginal part. During the 14 months (from March 2019 to April 2020) of operational running in-orbit, the DPC radiometric responses of 443 nm, 490 nm, 565 nm, and 670 nm bands drifted by about 4.44\u201323.08%, 4.75\u201316.22%, 3.86\u20139.81%, and 4.7\u201316.86%, respectively, from the marginal to the central part of the FOV. The radiometric sensitivity has become more stable since January 2020. The monthly radiometric drift is separated into the relative radiometric part and the absolute radiometric part. The relative radiometric drift of DPC is found to be smoothly varying with VZA, which can be parameterized as a polynomial function via VZA. At last, the temporal radiometric drift of DPC\/GaoFen-5 is corrected by combining the relative and absolute radiometric coefficients. The correction is convincing by cross calibration with MODIS\/Aqua observation over the desert sites and improving the aerosol retrievals. The Rayleigh method in this study is efficient for the radiometric sensitivity calibration of wide FOV satellite sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T21:25:14Z","timestamp":1646169914000},"page":"1211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["In-Flight Relative Radiometric Calibration of a Wide Field of View Directional Polarimetric Camera Based on the Rayleigh Scattering over Ocean"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6991-9494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sifeng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Observation of Hainan Province, Hainan Research Institute, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572029, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7795-3630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Observation of Hainan Province, Hainan Research Institute, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572029, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Qie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3124-8063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bangyu","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Yisong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1847-690X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanqing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}]},{"given":"Binghuan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}]},{"given":"Bihai","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5393-7548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feinan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-2989-2013","article-title":"The Collection 6 MODIS aerosol products over land and ocean","volume":"6","author":"Levy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Solomon, S.D., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Avery, K.B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H.L. (2013). Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"46","article-title":"Comparison of MSS relative radiometric calibration methods","volume":"1938","author":"Helder","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE\u2014Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/40\/1\/320","article-title":"MODIS on-orbit calibration and characterization","volume":"40","author":"Xiong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"322","article-title":"SPOT Histogram data base","volume":"2957","author":"Meygret","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE\u2014Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-664X(79)90035-2","article-title":"Destriping LANDSAT MSS images by histogram modification","volume":"10","author":"Horn","year":"1979","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Image Processing"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Chen, C., Pan, J., Zhu, Y., and Chang, X. (2018). A Relative Radiometric Calibration Method Based on the Histogram of Side-Slither Data for High-Resolution Optical Satellite Imagery. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10030381"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"426","article-title":"Relative radiometric correction of QuickBird imagery using the side-slither technique on orbit","volume":"5542","author":"Henderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE\u2014Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.07.008","article-title":"Radiometric characterization of IKONOS multispectral imagery","volume":"88","author":"Pagnutti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.813208","article-title":"Characterizing and correcting Hyperion detectors using ice-sheet images","volume":"41","author":"Bindschadler","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler, J.J., Krause, K.S., and Xiong, J. (2006, January 7). QuickBird relative radiometric performance and on-orbit long term trending. Proceedings of the Earth Observing Systems XI, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.679693"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1109\/36.297978","article-title":"The POLDER mission: Instrument characteristics and scientific objectives","volume":"32","author":"Deschamps","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2496322","article-title":"Improvement of the PARASOL Radiometric In-Flight Calibration Based on Synergy Between Various Methods Using Natural Targets","volume":"54","author":"Fougnie","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fougnie, B., Henry, P.J., Cabot, F., Meygret, A., and Laubies, M.-C. (2000, January 15). Vegetation: In-flight multiangular calibration. Proceedings of the Earth Observing Systems V, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.494206"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"141","article-title":"POLDER multiangular calibration using desert sites: Method and performances","volume":"3221","author":"Cosnefroy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE\u2014Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, F., Luo, D., Li, S., Yang, B., Sun, L., Ge, S., and Hong, J. (2021). The Operational Inflight Radiometric Uniform Calibration of a Directional Polarimetric Camera. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193823"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169208904131","article-title":"In-flight calibration of large field of view sensors at short wavelengths using Rayleigh scattering","volume":"13","author":"Vermote","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1109\/36.763266","article-title":"Results of POLDER in-flight calibration","volume":"37","author":"Hagolle","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13187","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.391078","article-title":"Pre-flight calibration of a multi-angle polarimetric satellite sensor directional polarimetric camera","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Xing, J., Liu, L., Li, Z., Mei, X., Fu, Q., Xie, Y., Ge, B., Li, K., and Xu, H. (2017). In-Flight Calibration of GF-1\/WFV Visible Channels Using Rayleigh Scattering. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9060513"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1109\/36.581987","article-title":"Second simulation of the satellite signal in the solar spectrum, 6S: An overview","volume":"35","author":"Vermote","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7186","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.422980","article-title":"In-flight radiometric and polarimetric calibration of the Directional Polarimetric Camera onboard the GaoFen-5 satellite over the ocean","volume":"60","author":"Qie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Frouin, R. (2013). In-Flight Calibration of Satellite Ocean-Colour Sensors, International Ocean-Colour Coordinating Group. Reports of the International Ocean-Colour Coordinating Group."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fougnie, B., Llido, J., Gross-Colzy, L., Henry, P., and Blumstein, D. (2010, January 27). Climatology of oceanic zones suitable for in-flight calibration of space sensors. Proceedings of the Earth Observing Systems XV, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.859828"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Hou, M.L.Z., Xie, Y., Rui, Q., Xie, Y., Qie, L., and Shi, Z. (2022). Research on Spectral Feature Cloud Detection Method of Directional Polarimetric Camera on Chinese Satellite. J. Atmos. Environ. Opt., accepted."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, S., Chen, X., Liu, L., Qie, L., Li, Z., Ma, J., Ge, S., Hong, J., Li, X., and Gao, H. (2019). Evaluation of radiometric performance of MODIS visible bands using the Rayleigh scattering method. J. Appl. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.13.018503"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ant\u00f3n, M., L\u00f3pez, M., Vilaplana, J.M., Kroon, M., Mcpeters, R., Ba\u00f1\u00f3n, M., and Serrano, A. (2009). Validation of OMI-TOMS and OMI-DOAS total ozone column using five Brewer spectroradiometers at the Iberian peninsula. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 114.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012003"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.07.001","article-title":"An improved bio-optical data set for ocean color algorithm development and satellite data product variation","volume":"98","author":"Werdell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The NCEP\/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project","volume":"77","author":"Kalnay","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Xiong, J., Toller, G., Chiang, V., Sun, J., Esposito, J., and Barnes, W. (2005). MODIS Level 1B Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, NASA MODIS Characterization Support Team."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5000","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.2971462","article-title":"Cross-Calibration of MODIS Reflective Solar Bands With Sentinel 2A\/2B MSI Instruments","volume":"58","author":"Angal","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00211-1","article-title":"Selection and characterization of Saharan and Arabian desert sites for the calibration of optical satellite sensors","volume":"58","author":"Cosnefroy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2227061","article-title":"Cross Calibration Over Desert Sites: Description, Methodology, and Operational Implementation","volume":"51","author":"Lacherade","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2235448","article-title":"Multitemporal Cross-Calibration of the Terra MODIS and Landsat 7 ETM+ Reflective Solar Bands","volume":"51","author":"Angal","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9296","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50712","article-title":"Enhanced Deep Blue aerosol retrieval algorithm: The second generation","volume":"118","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20455","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD01411","article-title":"A bidirectional reflectance model of the Earth\u2019s surface for the correction of remote sensing data","volume":"97","author":"Roujean","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2854743","article-title":"A dark target method for Himawari-8\/AHI aerosol retrieval: Application and validation","volume":"57","author":"Ge","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111894","article-title":"An improved algorithm for retrieving high resolution fine-mode aerosol based on polarized satellite data: Application and validation for POLDER-3","volume":"247","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-17-0133.1","article-title":"Comprehensive study of optical, physical, chemical, and radiative properties of total columnar atmospheric aerosols over China: An overview of Sun\u2013Sky Radiometer Observation Network (SONET) measurements","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"495","article-title":"Sun-sky radiometer observation network with the extension of multi-wavelength polarization measurements","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/5\/1211\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:30:15Z","timestamp":1760135415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/5\/1211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14051211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14051211","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]}}}