{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T12:54:01Z","timestamp":1770555241149,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Two paroxysmal explosions occurred at Stromboli on 3 July and 28 August 2019, the first of which caused the death of a young tourist. After the first paroxysm an effusive activity began from the summit vents and affected the NW flank of the island for the entire period between the two paroxysms. We carried out an unsupervised analysis of seismic and infrasonic data of Strombolian explosions over 10 months (15 November 2018\u201315 September 2019) using a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) neural network to recognize changes in the eruptive patterns of Stromboli that preceded the paroxysms. We used a dataset of 14,289 events. The SOM analysis identified three main clusters that showed different occurrences with time indicating a clear change in Stromboli\u2019s eruptive style before the paroxysm of 3 July 2019. We compared the main clusters with the recordings of the fixed monitoring cameras and with the Ground-Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar measurements, and found that the clusters are associated with different types of Strombolian explosions and different deformation patterns of the summit area. Our findings provide new insights into Strombolian eruptive mechanisms and new perspectives to improve the monitoring of Stromboli and other open conduit volcanoes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:40:02Z","timestamp":1646599202000},"page":"1287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Changes in the Eruptive Style of Stromboli Volcano before the 2019 Paroxysmal Phase Discovered through SOM Clustering of Seismo-Acoustic Features Compared with Camera Images and GBInSAR Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6198-8655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flora","family":"Giudicepietro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8189-5499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Calvari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"D\u2019Auria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Volcanol\u00f3gico de Canarias (INVOLCAN), 38320 San Cristobal de La Laguna, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Di Traglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale\u2014OGS, 34010 Sgonico, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Layer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80126 Napoli, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli, 80126 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6604-1479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Macedonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3473-4697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Caputo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"De Cesare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9914-1107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetana","family":"Ganci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Orazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Peluso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3048-5283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Scarpato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Spina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma 1, 00143 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Nolesini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro per la Protezione Civile, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Firenze, 50121 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8684-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Casagli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale\u2014OGS, 34010 Sgonico, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Firenze, 50121 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6259-5730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Tramelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2192-3720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonietta M.","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"446","article-title":"Neural analysis of seismic data: Applications to the monitoring of Mt. Vesuvius","volume":"56","author":"Esposito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"175","article-title":"Unsupervised geochemical analysis of the eruptive products of Ischia, Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei","volume":"Volume 184","author":"Esposito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Progresses in Artificial Intelligence and Neural Systems"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8950-4_6","article-title":"SOM-Based analysis of volcanic rocks: An application to Somma-Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei volcanoes (Italy)","volume":"Volume 151","author":"Esposito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Approaches to Dynamics of Signal Exchanges"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67220-1","article-title":"Geophysical precursors of the July\u2013August 2019 paroxysmal eruptive phase and their implications for Stromboli volcano (Italy) monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Giudicepietro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"133","article-title":"Predictive analysis of the seismicity level at Campi Flegrei volcano using a data-driven approach","volume":"Volume 19","author":"Bassis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Recent Advances of Neural Network Models and Applications"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2020.109239","article-title":"Analysis of 7-years Radon time series at Campi Flegrei area (Naples, Italy) using artificial neural network method","volume":"163","author":"Ambrosino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isotopes"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"185","article-title":"Automatic classification of seismic signals at Mt. Vesuvius volcano, Italy, using neural networks","volume":"95","author":"Scarpetta","year":"2005","journal-title":"BSSA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-012-0614-1","article-title":"Automatic recognition of landslides based on neural network analysis of seismic signals: An Application to the monitoring of Stromboli Volcano (Southern Italy)","volume":"170","author":"Esposito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1785\/0220160222","article-title":"Fast discrimination of local earthquakes using a neural approach","volume":"88","author":"Giudicepietro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1230","article-title":"Automatic discrimination among landslide, explosion-quake, and microtremor seismic signals at Stromboli Volcano using neural networks","volume":"96","author":"Esposito","year":"2006","journal-title":"BSSA"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"2449","article-title":"Unsupervised neural analysis of very-long-period events at Stromboli volcano using the self-organizing maps","volume":"98","author":"Esposito","year":"2008","journal-title":"BSSA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-35467-0_12","article-title":"Waveform Variation of the explosion-quakes as a function of the eruptive activity at Stromboli volcano","volume":"Volume 19","author":"Apolloni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Nets and Surroundings. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, A.M., Giudicepietro, F., Scarpetta, S., and Khilnani, S. (2018). A neural approach for hybrid events discrimination at Stromboli volcano. Multidisciplinary Approaches to Neural Computing, Springer International Publishing. Chapter 2.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56904-8_2"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"215","article-title":"Discrimination of earthquakes and underwater explosions using neural networks","volume":"93","author":"Esposito","year":"2003","journal-title":"BSSA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24420-1","article-title":"Uncovering the eruptive patterns of the 2019 double paroxysm eruption crisis of Stromboli volcano","volume":"12","author":"Andronico","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-020-01423-2","article-title":"The summer 2019 basaltic Vulcanian eruptions (paroxysms) of Stromboli","volume":"83","author":"Giordano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvari, S., Giudicepietro, F., Di Traglia, F., Bonaccorso, A., Macedonio, G., and Casagli, N. (2021). Variable magnitude and intensity of Strombolian explosions: Focus on the eruptive processes for a first classification scheme for Stromboli volcano (Italy). Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13050944"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1130\/GSAB-28-249","article-title":"Persistence of vents at Stromboli and its bearing on volcanic mechanism","volume":"28","author":"Washington","year":"1917","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"B03205","article-title":"Temperature and dynamics of degassing at Stromboli","volume":"112","author":"Harris","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-018-1239-8","article-title":"Parameterizing multi-vent activity at Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy)","volume":"80","author":"Salvatore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43131-8","article-title":"First muography of Stromboli volcano","volume":"9","author":"Tioukov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Ol\u00e1h, L., Tanaka, H.K.M., and Varga, D. (2022). Structure of the Shallow Supply System at Stromboli Volcano Through Integration of Muography, Digital Elevation Models, Seismicity and Ground Deformation Data. Muography: Exploring Earth\u2019s Subsurface with Elementary Particles, AGU Books, Wiley-AGU. Chapter 6."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turchi, A., Di Traglia, F., Luti, T., Olori, D., Zetti, I., and Fanti, R. (2020). Environmental aftermath of the 2019 Stromboli eruption. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12060994"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"2019","article-title":"Source mechanisms of explosions at Stromboli Volcano, Italy, determined from moment-tensor inversion of very-long period data","volume":"108","author":"Chouet","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-006-0107-0","article-title":"Strombolian explosive styles and source conditions: Insights from thermal (FLIR) video","volume":"69","author":"Patrick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-014-0888-5","article-title":"Types and mechanisms of strombolian explosions: Characterization of a gas-dominated explosion at Stromboli","volume":"77","author":"Leduc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019GL085687","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL085687","article-title":"Spatiotemporal relationships between two closely-spaced Strombolian-style vents, Yasur, Vanuatu","volume":"47","author":"Simons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1130\/G30720.1","article-title":"Basaltic scoria textures from a zoned conduit as precursors to violent Strombolian activity","volume":"38","author":"Cimarelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inguaggiato, S., Vita, F., Cangemi, M., and Calderone, L. (2019). Increasing summit degassing at the Stromboli volcano and relationships with volcanic activity (2016\u20132018). Geosciences, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9040176"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvari, S., Di Traglia, F., Ganci, G., Giudicepietro, F., Macedonio, G., Cappello, A., Nolesini, T., Pecora, E., Bilotta, G., and Centorrino, V. (2020). Overflows and hot rock avalanches in March-April 2020 at Stromboli Volcano detected by remote sensing and seismic monitoring data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12183010"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL017702","article-title":"Dynamics of the December 2002 flank failure and tsunami at Stromboli volcano inferred by volcanological and geophysical observations","volume":"30","author":"Bonaccorso","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"B04201","article-title":"The 2007 Stromboli eruption: Event chronology and effusion rates using thermal infrared data","volume":"115","author":"Calvari","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casalbore, D., Di Traglia, F., Bosman, A., Romagnoli, C., Casagli, N., and Chiocci, F.L. (2021). Submarine and subaerial morphological changes associated with the 2014 eruption at Stromboli Island. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112043"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"775","article-title":"Seismological monitoring of the February 2007 effusive eruption of the Stromboli volcano","volume":"50","author":"Martini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Traglia, F., Calvari, S., D\u2019Auria, L., Nolesini, T., Bonaccorso, A., Fornaciai, A., Esposito, A., Cristaldi, A., Favalli, M., and Casagli, N. (2018). The 2014 effusive eruption at Stromboli: New insights from in situ and remote-sensing measurements. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10122035"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"B05201","article-title":"The 7 September 2008 Vulcanian explosion at Stromboli volcano: Multiparametric characterization of the event and quantification of the ejecta","volume":"117","author":"Calvari","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giudicepietro, F., Calvari, S., Alparone, S., Bianco, F., Bonaccorso, A., Bruno, V., Caputo, T., Cristaldi, A., D\u2019Auria, L., and De Cesare, W. (2019). Integration of ground-based remote-sensing and in situ multidisciplinary monitoring data to analyze the eruptive activity of Stromboli volcano in 2017\u20132018. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11151813"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"L08308","article-title":"Seismological insight into the kinematics of the 5 April 2003 vulcanian explosion at Stromboli volcano (southern Italy)","volume":"33","author":"Giudicepietro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-011-0470-3","article-title":"Paroxysmal activity at Stromboli: Lessons from the past","volume":"73","author":"Bertagnini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2012.09.009","article-title":"Dynamics of the shallow plumbing system investigated from borehole strainmeters and cameras during the 15 March, 2007 Vulcanian paroxysm at Stromboli volcano","volume":"357\u2013358","author":"Bonaccorso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112441","article-title":"Joint exploitation of space-borne and ground-based multitemporal InSAR measurements for volcano monitoring: The Stromboli volcano case study","volume":"260","author":"Manzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"108093","article-title":"Subaerial-submarine morphological changes at Stromboli volcano (Italy) induced by the 2019\u20132020 eruptive activity","volume":"400","author":"Fornaciai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geomorfology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5020004","article-title":"An experimental device for characterizing degassing processes and related elastic fingerprints: Analog volcano seismo-acoustic observations","volume":"88","author":"Spina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2019.03.010","article-title":"Degassing behaviour at basaltic volcanoes: New insights from experimental investigations of different conduit geometry and magma viscosity","volume":"192","author":"Spina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58174","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2020.581742","article-title":"Clustering of experimental seismo-acoustic events using Self Organizing Maps (SOM)","volume":"8","author":"Giudicepietro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"385","article-title":"Data acquisition for volcano monitoring. Eos Trans. Am. Geophys","volume":"87","author":"Orazi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Union"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Orazi, M., Peluso, R., Caputo, A., Capello, M., Buonocunto, C., and Martini, M. (2007). A Multiparametric Low Power Digitizer: Project and Results."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1785\/gssrl.80.3.435","article-title":"The broadband seismic network of Stromboli volcano, Italy","volume":"80","author":"Orazi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Salvaterra, L., Pintore, S., and Badiali, L. (2008). Rete Sismologica Basata su Stazioni GAIA, Rapporti Tecnici 68."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014003","DOI":"10.1088\/1749-4699\/8\/1\/014003","article-title":"ObsPy: A bridge for seismology into the scientific Python ecosystem","volume":"8","author":"Krischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Discov."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"70","article-title":"Nonlinear Exploratory Data Analysis Applied to Seismic Signals","volume":"Volume 3931","author":"Apolloni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neural Nets. Neural Nets Lecture Notes in Computer Science"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apolloni, B., Howlett, R.J., and Jain, L. (2007). Models for Identifying Structures in the Data: A Performance Comparison. Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems. KES 2007, Springer. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74827-4"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00337288","article-title":"Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps","volume":"43","author":"Kohonen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Kohonen, T., Hynninen, J., Kangas, J., and Laaksonen, J. (1996). SOM_PAK: The Self-Organizing Map Program Package, Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science. Report A31."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2014.09.011","article-title":"Review of ten years of volcano deformations recorded by the ground-based InSAR monitoring system at Stromboli volcano: A tool to mitigate volcano flank dynamics and intense volcanic activity","volume":"139","author":"Nolesini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13569","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13569","article-title":"Shifts in the eruptive styles at Stromboli in 2010\u20132014 revealed by ground-based InSAR data","volume":"5","author":"Battaglia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-016-1033-4","article-title":"Monitoring crater-wall collapse at active volcanoes: A study of the 12 January 2013 event at Stromboli","volume":"78","author":"Calvari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2009.01.002","article-title":"Deformation of Stromboli Volcano (Italy) during the 2007 crisis by radar interferometry, numerical modeling and field structural data","volume":"182","author":"Casagli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-003-0009-6","article-title":"Ground-based SAR interferometry for monitoring mass movements","volume":"1","author":"Antonello","year":"2004","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1029\/92GL02543","article-title":"Interaction of seismic and air waves recorded at Stromboli Volcano","volume":"20","author":"Braun","year":"1993","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2010.04829.x","article-title":"The geometry of Strombolian explosions: Insights from Doppler radar measurements","volume":"183","author":"Gouhier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabh0191","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abh0191","article-title":"Volcanic CO2 tracks the incubation period of basaltic paroxysms","volume":"7","author":"Aiuppa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"173","article-title":"Volcanic hazard assessment at Stromboli based on review of historical data","volume":"3","author":"Barberi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Vulcanol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2010.11.015","article-title":"Lava effusion\u2014A slow fuse for paroxysms at Stromboli volcano?","volume":"301","author":"Calvari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL088521","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL088521","article-title":"Strain signals before and during paroxysmal activity at Stromboli volcano, Italy","volume":"47","author":"Romano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/5\/1287\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:32:50Z","timestamp":1760135570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/5\/1287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14051287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14051287","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]]}}}