{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T14:35:07Z","timestamp":1774535707543,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The content of soil water affects the physiological activities of vegetation, and the type of vegetation also affects the soil water balance. It is of great significance to study the response of vegetation to soil moisture change, which is helpful for understanding the vulnerability of vegetation for regional and environmental protections. The response of vegetation to soil moisture in Guangdong Province from mid-October 2015 to the end of March 2017 was studied by using cloudy region drought index (CRDI) as the drought index and volumetric soil water content (VSWC) as the soil moisture index to measure the level of water stress on vegetation. Taking the peak and valley positions of CRDI and VSWC as characteristic points, the lag time of vegetation to volumetric soil water content was obtained by judging the difference between the peak and valley positions of the two indexes. The results indicate that the response of vegetation to volumetric soil water content in Guangdong lagged 3.33 periods (9\u201335 days) on average. When VSWC is sufficient, there is no obvious difference in time-lag between different types of vegetation. However, when VSWC is relatively insufficient, grass shows the fastest response to the change of volumetric soil water content. Both longitude and soil moisture affect the lag time of vegetation. Under the same conditions, the higher the soil humidity is, the longer the lag time is, and the longer the delay time is with the greater longitude. CRDI can reflect the time-lag effect between vegetation and VSWC in Guangdong, indicating it is a sensitive and applicable index for characterizing the time-lag phenomena of vegetation to soil moisture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T01:50:53Z","timestamp":1646790653000},"page":"1301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Time-Lag Effect of Vegetation Response to Volumetric Soil Water Content: A Case Study of Guangdong Province, Southern China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Weijiao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4164-9677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunpeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}]},{"given":"Jingxue","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Research Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, Guangzhou 510610, China"}]},{"given":"Yujiao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Ecological Meteorology Center, Guangzhou 510640, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12945","article-title":"Time-lag Effects of Global Vegetation Responses to Climate Change","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12350","article-title":"Climate extremes and the carbon cycle","volume":"500","author":"Reichstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1118438109","article-title":"Timing of climate variability and grassland productivity","volume":"109","author":"Craine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155121","article-title":"Forests and Climate Change: Forcings, Feedbacks, and the Climate Benefits of Forests","volume":"320","author":"Bonan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12193","article-title":"Spatial relationship between climatologies and changes in global vegetation activity","volume":"19","author":"Jong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00138846","article-title":"Lags in vegetation response to greenhouse warming","volume":"15","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-007-7005-5","article-title":"Study on the spatial differences and its time lag effect on climatic factors of the vegetation in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region","volume":"52","author":"Bao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110214.1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110214","article-title":"Evaluating the cumulative and time-lag effects of drought on grassland vegetation: A case study in the Chinese Loess Plateau","volume":"261","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"102179","article-title":"Global analysis of time-lag and -accumulation effects of climate on vegetation growth","volume":"92","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2020.1837967","article-title":"Spatial\u2013temporal change patterns of vegetation coverage in China and its driving mechanisms over the past 20 years based on the concept of geographic division","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"20","article-title":"Soil Moisture\u2013An Important Factor of Seasonal Precipitation Prediction and Its Application","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clim. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.1994.1053","article-title":"Variability of soil water content along a transect in a desert area","volume":"27","author":"Berndtsson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1992)031<0480:ETSSSH>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Estimating the Soil Surface Specific Humidity","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"715","article-title":"Analysis of vegetation index sensitivity to soil moisture in Northern China","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(95)02987-7","article-title":"Soil water and temperature patterns in an arid desert dune sand","volume":"185","author":"Berndtsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"653","article-title":"Study on the Influence of Vegetation Change on Soil Moisture Cycle in Alpine Meadow","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Glaciol. Geocryol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169308904349","article-title":"Relation between root zone soil moisture and normalized difference vegetation index of vegetated fields","volume":"14","author":"Rao","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.1996.0064","article-title":"Precipitation and biomass changes in the Namib Desert dune ecosystem","volume":"33","author":"Southgate","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-017-1492-y","article-title":"Time-lag effects of vegetation responses to soil moisture evolution: A case study in the Xijiang basin in South China","volume":"32","author":"Niu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"2128","article-title":"Analysis of temporal and spatial characteristics of time lag correlation between the vegetation cover and soil moisture in the Loess Plateau","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1204651110","article-title":"Persistent effects of a severe drought on Amazonian Forest canopy","volume":"110","author":"Saatchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14627","article-title":"Satellite detection of cumulative and lagged effects of drought on autumn leaf senescence over the Northern Hemisphere","volume":"25","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Agriculture Office of Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Government (1996). Climate and Agriculture in Guangdong."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W.J., Wang, Y.P., and Yang, J.X. (2020). Cloudy Region Drought Index (CRDI) Based on Long-Time-Series Cloud Optical Thickness (COT) and Vegetation Conditions Index (VCI): A Case Study in Guangdong, South Eastern China. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213641"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W.J., and Wang, Y.P. (2019, January 17\u201320). Long-term (2003\u20132017) Trends of Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) in Guangdong Using Modis Data and Implications for Drought Assessment. Proceedings of the Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium\u2014Fall (PIERS\u2014Fall), Xiamen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIERS-Fall48861.2019.9021489"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"85","article-title":"Analysis of the Spatial\u2013Temporal Characteristics of Drought in Guangdong based on Vegetation Condition Index from 2003 to 2017","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. South China Norm. Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Climatic Characteristics of Guangdong Province in 2016","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Guangdong Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2011RG000372","article-title":"Upscaling sparse ground-based soil moisture observations for the validation of coarse-resolution satellite soil moisture products","volume":"50","author":"Crow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(95)02970-2","article-title":"Passive microwave remote sensing of soil moisture","volume":"184","author":"Njoku","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.808243","article-title":"Soil moisture retrieval from AMSR-E","volume":"41","author":"Njoku","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-3239-2021","article-title":"A fine-resolution soil moisture dataset for China in 2002\u20132018","volume":"13","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/02757259509532298","article-title":"A review of vegetation indices\u2013Remote Sensing Reviews","volume":"13","author":"Bannari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L06407","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL029127","article-title":"A five-year analysis of MODIS NDVI and NDWI for grassland drought assessment over the central Great Plains of the United States","volume":"34","author":"Gu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2007.12.004","article-title":"Using AVHRR-based vegetation indices for drought monitoring in the Northwest of Iran","volume":"72","author":"Bajgiran","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Shi, J.C., Chu, H.F., and Feng, Q. (2009, January 12\u201317). An Improvement of Method for Monitoring Drought using Remote Sensing. Proceedings of the International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Cape Town, South Africa."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3774(00)00096-2","article-title":"Use of crop water stress index for monitoring water status and scheduling irrigation in wheat","volume":"47","author":"Alderfasi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2000.9261221x","article-title":"Determination of Crop Water Stress Index for Irrigation Timing and Yield Estimation of Corn","volume":"92","author":"Irmak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500121727","article-title":"Comments on the use of the Vegetation Health Index over Mongolia","volume":"27","author":"Karnieli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.9755\/ejfa.v25i5.11580","article-title":"Developing Vegetation Health Index from biophysical variables derived using MODIS satellite data in the Trans-Gangetic plains of India","volume":"25","author":"Tripathi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emir. J. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(14)60813-3","article-title":"Drought Change Trend Using MODIS TVDI and Its Relationship with Climate Factors in China from 2001 to 2010","volume":"13","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00274-7","article-title":"A simple interpretation of the surface temperature\/vegetation index space for assessment of surface moisture status","volume":"79","author":"Sandholt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-1177(95)00079-T","article-title":"Application of vegetation index and brightness temperature for drought detection","volume":"15","author":"Kogan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608949106","article-title":"Monitoring regional drought using the Vegetation Condition Index","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2009.11.015","article-title":"Evaluating the utility of the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) for monitoring meteorological drought in Texas","volume":"150","author":"Quiring","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Song, Y.H. (2012). The Characters of Climate Change in Guangdong Province during 1961\u20132008. [Ph.D. Thesis, Lanzhou University]."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"87","article-title":"Temporal and Spatial Variations of Total Cloud Amount and Their Possible Relationships with Temperature and Water Vapor over China during 1960 to 2012","volume":"41","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"257","article-title":"Phenophase Extraction of Spring Maize in Liaoning Province Based on MODIS NDVI Data","volume":"49","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Shenyang Agric. Univ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3631","DOI":"10.1021\/ac034173t","article-title":"A perfect smoother","volume":"75","author":"Eilers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.03.039","article-title":"Mapping paddy rice areas based on vegetation phenology and surface moisture conditions","volume":"56","author":"Qiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"2998","article-title":"Comparison and Application Analysis of Several NDVI Time-Series Reconstruction Methods","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Agric. Sin."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"2998","article-title":"Three Timed-Series NDVI Reconstruction Methods: A Case Study of Chongqing","volume":"47","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mt. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"437","article-title":"The Reconstruction of MODIS\/NDVI Time Series Data in Chongqing","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.5194\/npg-11-561-2004","article-title":"Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time serie","volume":"11","author":"Grinsted","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nonlinear Proc. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"2374","article-title":"Non-stationary and unequally spaced NDVI time series analyses by the LSWAVE software","volume":"4","author":"Ghaderpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s11004-008-9170-8","article-title":"Cross-Wavelet Analysis: A Tool for Detection of Relationships between Paleoclimate Proxy Records","volume":"40","author":"Prokoph","year":"2008","journal-title":"Math. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claessen, J., Martens, B., Verhoest, N., Molini, A., and Miralles, D.G. (2017, January 27\u201329). Climatic drivers of vegetation based on wavelet analysis. Proceedings of the 2017 9th International Workshop on the Analysis of Multitemporal Remote Sensing Images, Brugge, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/Multi-Temp.2017.8035207"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2018.10.037","article-title":"Analyzing the time-frequency lead\u2013lag relationship between oil and agricultural commodities","volume":"76","author":"Tiwari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Econ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/6\/1301\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:33:46Z","timestamp":1760135626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/6\/1301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14061301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14061301","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]}}}