{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:33:31Z","timestamp":1771036411178,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Biophotonics","award":["6066-31000-015-00D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6066-31000-015-00D"]}]},{"name":".S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service","award":["18-DG-11132762-248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-DG-11132762-248"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study develops Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and Mode-Cloning (MC) for the rapid assessment of the nutritional quality of bamboo leaves, the primary diet of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red pandas (Ailurus fulgens). To test the NIR-MC approach, we evaluated three species of bamboo (Phyllostachys bissetii, Phyllostachys rubromarginata, Phyllostachys aureosulcata). Mode-Cloning incorporated a Slope and Bias Correction (SBC) transform to crude protein prediction models built with NIR spectra taken from Fine\u2013Ground leaves (master mode). The modified models were then applied to spectra from leaves in the satellite minimal processing modes (Course\u2013Ground, Dry\u2013Whole, and Fresh\u2013Whole). The NIR-MC using the SBC yielded a residual prediction deviation (RPD) = 2.73 and 1.84 for Course\u2013Ground and Dry\u2013Whole sample modes, respectively, indicating a good quantitative prediction of crude protein for minimally processed samples that could be easily acquired under field conditions using a portable drier and grinder. The NIR-MC approach also improved the model of crude protein for spectra collected from Fresh\u2013Whole bamboo leaves in the field. Thus, NIR-MC has the potential to provide a real-time prediction of the macronutrient distribution in bamboo in situ, which affects the foraging behavior and dispersion of giant and red pandas in their natural habitats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T01:50:53Z","timestamp":1646790653000},"page":"1302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Mode Cloning (NIR-MC) for In-Situ Analysis of Crude Protein in Bamboo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qingyu","family":"Sheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Santos-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"}]},{"given":"Xiaoguang","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Kouba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife, Fisheries & Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8466-6077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie K.","family":"Vance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Soest, P.J. 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