{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T10:48:33Z","timestamp":1768646913527,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Experiences for Undergraduates","award":["0244097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0244097"]}]},{"name":"Research Experiences for Undergraduates","award":["0649006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0649006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Arctic lakes are sensitive to climate change, and the timing and duration of ice presence and absence (i.e., ice phenology) on the lake surface can be used as a climate indicator. In this study of Linn\u00e9vatnet, one of the largest lakes on Svalbard, we compare inferences of lake ice duration from satellite data with continuously monitored lake water temperature and photographs from automatic cameras. Visible surface reflectance data from the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) were used to observe the change in the lake-wide mean surface reflectance of Linn\u00e9vatnet from 2003\u20132019, and smoothing splines were applied to the to determine the date of summer ice-off (also called \u201cbreak-up end\u201d\u2014BUE). Similarly, BUE and fall ice-on (or \u201cfreeze-up end\u201d\u2014FUE) were determined from lake-wide mean time series of Sentinel-1 microwave backscatter from 2014\u20132019. Overall, the ice timing dates identified from the satellite observations agree well with the in-situ observations (RMSE values of approximately 2\u20137 days for BUE and FUE, depending on the method and in-situ dataset), lending confidence to the accuracy of remote sensing of lake ice phenology in remote Arctic regions. Our observations of Linn\u00e9vatnet indicate that BUE dates do not have a significant trend, while FUE dates have been occurring approximately 1.5 days later per year during the study period. These results support an overall decrease in annual duration of lake ice cover in this part of Svalbard.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T02:10:35Z","timestamp":1646878235000},"page":"1311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Evaluation of Satellite-Derived Estimates of Lake Ice Cover Timing on Linn\u00e9vatnet, Kapp Linn\u00e9, Svalbard Using In-Situ Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0154-6913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel E.","family":"Tuttle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8729-0036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven R.","family":"Roof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Science, Hampshire College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Retelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Climate Sciences, Bates College, Lewiston, ME 04240, USA"},{"name":"Arctic Geology Department, University Centre in Svalbard, N-9171 Svalbard, Norway"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology and Geography, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4886-5364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grant E.","family":"Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9103-6065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin L.","family":"Bunting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, College of Social Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004","article-title":"Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis","volume":"77","author":"Serreze","year":"2011","journal-title":"Global Planet. 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