{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T04:54:45Z","timestamp":1767156885940,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Topography plays an important role in shaping the patterns of sediment erosion and deposition of different landscapes. Studies have investigated the role of topography at basin scales, whereas little work has been conducted on hillslopes, partially due to the lack of high-resolution topographic data. We monitored detailed topographic changes of a rilled hillslope in the southeastern United States using terrestrial laser scanning and investigated the influences of various microtopographic factors on erosion and deposition. The results suggest that the contributing area is the most important factor for both rill erosion and deposition. Rills with large contributing areas tend to have high erosion and deposition. Slope is positively related to erosion but negatively related to deposition. Roughness, on the other hand, is positively related to deposition but negatively related to erosion. Higher erosion and lower deposition likely occur on north-facing aspects, possibly because of higher soil moisture resulting from less received solar insolation. Similarly, soil moisture is likely higher in areas with higher terrain wetness index values, leading to higher erosion. This work provides important insight into the sediment dynamic and its microtopographic controls on hillslopes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T02:10:35Z","timestamp":1646878235000},"page":"1315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Microtopographic Controls on Erosion and Deposition of a Rilled Hillslope in Eastern Tennessee, USA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3722-8960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingkui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6874-5488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert A.","family":"Washington-Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3420","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.6556","article-title":"Incorporating variable source area hydrology into a curve-number-based watershed model","volume":"21","author":"Schneiderman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Wischmeier, W.H., and Smith, D.D. (1978). Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses-A Guide to Conservation Planning, United States Department of Agriculture."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Renard, K.G., Foster, G.R., Weesies, G., McCool, D., and Yoder, D. (1997). Predicting Soil Erosion by Water: A Guide to Conservation Planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), US Department of Agriculture."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.31195","article-title":"A process-based soil erosion model for USDA-Water Erosion Prediction Project technology","volume":"32","author":"Nearing","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trans. ASAE"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2000.6451759x","article-title":"Slope length effects on soil loss for steep slopes","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Renard, K.G., Foster, G.R., Weesies, G., McCool, D., and Yoder, D. (1997). Slope length and steepness factor (LS). Predicting Soil Erosion by Water\u2013A Guide to Conservation Planning with Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), USDA. Chapter 4."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"427","article-title":"A GIS procedure for automatically calculating the USLE LS factor on topographically complex landscape units","volume":"51","author":"Desmet","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(02)00725-2","article-title":"Topographic controls on erosion rates in tectonically active mountain ranges","volume":"201","author":"Montgomery","year":"2002","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-010-9695-2","article-title":"Geomorphic features extraction from high-resolution topography: Landslide crowns and bank erosion","volume":"61","author":"Tarolli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"241","article-title":"The effect of grid size on the quantification of erosion, deposition, and rill network","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Soil Water Cons. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.137","article-title":"Structural and sedimentological connectivity on a rilled hillslope","volume":"655","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3673","article-title":"Multi-temporal UAV data for automatic measurement of rill and interrill erosion on loess soil","volume":"40","author":"Eltner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2014.09.003","article-title":"Measuring rill erosion by laser scanning","volume":"124","author":"Vinci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brubaker, K.M., Myers, W.L., Drohan, P.J., Miller, D.A., and Boyer, E.W. (2013). The use of LiDAR terrain data in characterizing surface roughness and microtopography. Appl. Environ. Soil Sci., 891534.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/891534"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2011.07.009","article-title":"Suitability of terrestrial laser scanning for studying surface roughness effects on concentrated flow erosion processes in rangelands","volume":"87","author":"Eitel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1585","article-title":"The measurement and modelling of rill erosion at angle of repose slopes in mine spoil","volume":"33","author":"Hancock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"53","article-title":"Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to capture micro-topography of Antarctic moss beds","volume":"27","author":"Lucieer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3747","article-title":"From experimental plots to experimental landscapes: Topography, erosion and deposition in sub-humid badlands from Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry","volume":"40","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2016.06.027","article-title":"Erosion processes in calanchi in the Upper Orcia Valley, Southern Tuscany, Italy based on multitemporal high-resolution terrestrial LiDAR and UAV surveys","volume":"269","author":"Neugirg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2017.04.023","article-title":"Measuring rill erosion using structure from motion: A plot experiment","volume":"156","author":"Ferro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4821","article-title":"Geomorphic process signatures reshaping sub-humid Mediterranean badlands: 1. Methodological development based on high-resolution topography","volume":"45","author":"Llena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4822","article-title":"Geomorphic process signatures reshaping sub-humid Mediterranean badlands: 2. Application to 5-year dataset","volume":"45","author":"Llena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2015.05.015","article-title":"Gully morphology, hillslope erosion, and precipitation characteristics in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge province, southeastern USA","volume":"133","author":"Luffman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s002670010079","article-title":"Rainfall response of degraded soil following reforestation in the Copper Basin, Tennessee, USA","volume":"26","author":"Harden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s002540050097","article-title":"Comparison of soil erosion and deposition rates using radiocesium, RUSLE, and buried soils in dolines in East Tennessee","volume":"29","author":"Turnage","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2006.05.005","article-title":"Measuring soil erosion by field plots: Understanding the sources of variation","volume":"78","author":"Castillo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3010167","article-title":"Terrestrial laser scanner resolution: Numerical simulations and experiments on spatial sampling optimization","volume":"3","author":"Pesci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.04.009","article-title":"Accurate 3D comparison of complex topography with terrestrial laser scanner: Application to the Rangitikei canyon (N-Z)","volume":"82","author":"Lague","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"W19","article-title":"Change detection on points cloud data acquired with a ground laser scanner","volume":"36","author":"Roux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Chetverikov, D., Svirko, D., Stepanov, D., and Krsek, P. (2002, January 11\u201315). The trimmed iterative closest point algorithm. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Quebec City, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2020.587999","article-title":"Quantifying short-term erosion and deposition in an active gully using terrestrial laser scanning: A case study from west Tennessee, USA. 2020","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Kidner, D., Dorey, M., and Smith, D. (1999, January 25\u201328). What\u2019s the point? Interpolation and extrapolation with a regular grid DEM. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on GeoComputation, Fredericksburg, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(01)00039-9","article-title":"Image processing of airborne scanning laser altimetry data for improved river flood modelling","volume":"56","author":"Cobby","year":"2001","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600210957","article-title":"The accuracy of digital elevation models interpolated to higher resolutions","volume":"21","author":"Rees","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"996","article-title":"The importance of understanding error in lidar digital elevation models","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Kennedy, M., and Kopp, S. (2002). Understanding map projections. ESRI: Manual of ArcGIS, ESRI."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1886","article-title":"Accounting for uncertainty in DEMs from repeat topographic surveys: Improved sediment budgets","volume":"35","author":"Wheaton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Wilson, J.P., and Gallant, J.C. (2000). Digital terrain analysis. Terrain Analysis Principles and Applications, John Wiley & Sons Inc.. Chapter 1."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1029\/91WR01010","article-title":"Resistance to overland flow on desert pavement and its implications for sediment transport modeling","volume":"27","author":"Abrahams","year":"1991","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.30167","article-title":"Effect of tillage on surface roughness","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trans. ASAE"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2003.0311","article-title":"Does soil surface roughness increase or decrease water and particle transfers?","volume":"69","author":"Darboux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2004.09.008","article-title":"Runoff and sediment losses from rough and smooth soil surfaces in a laboratory experiment","volume":"59","author":"Nearing","year":"2005","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-189X(84)80011-0","article-title":"The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data","volume":"28","author":"Mark","year":"1984","journal-title":"Comput. Gr. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.3360050107","article-title":"On the extraction of channel networks from digital elevation data","volume":"5","author":"Tarboton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/0341-8162(95)00019-O","article-title":"GIS-based simulation of erosion and deposition patterns in an agricultural landscape: A comparison of model results with soil map information","volume":"25","author":"Desmet","year":"1995","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1029\/98WR01474","article-title":"Hillslope processes, drainage density, and landscape morphology","volume":"34","author":"Tucker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10392","article-title":"Effects of rainfall and slope on runoff, soil erosion and rill development: An experimental study using two loess soils","volume":"29","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2014.11.029","article-title":"An experimental study of rill erosion and morphology","volume":"231","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adhikari, K., Hartemink, A.E., Minasny, B., Kheir, R.B., Greve, M.B., and Greve, M.H. (2014). Digital mapping of soil organic carbon contents and stocks in Denmark. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105519"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2011.12.022","article-title":"Classification of sorted patterned ground areas based on their environmental characteristics (Skagafj\u00f6r\u00f0ur, Northern Iceland)","volume":"139","author":"Feuillet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667909491834","article-title":"A physically based, variable contributing area model of basin hydrology","volume":"24","author":"Beven","year":"1979","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1029\/93WR03346","article-title":"A quasi-dynamic wetness index for characterizing the spatial distribution of zones of surface saturation and soil water content","volume":"30","author":"Barling","year":"1994","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.1985.tb00351.x","article-title":"Topographic controls of soil moisture distributions","volume":"36","author":"Burt","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2014.08.017","article-title":"Soil erosion and tolerable soil loss: Insights into erosion rates for a well-managed grassland catchment","volume":"237","author":"Hancock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2003.09.014","article-title":"Spatial correlation of soil moisture in small catchments and its relationship to dominant spatial hydrological processes","volume":"286","author":"Western","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.31192","article-title":"Revised slope length factor for the Universal Soil Loss Equation","volume":"32","author":"McCool","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trans. ASAE"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2019.01.004","article-title":"Modification of the RUSLE slope length and steepness factor (LS-factor) based on rainfall experiments at steep alpine grasslands","volume":"6","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Tarboton, D.G. (2022, March 05). Terrain Analysis Using Digital Elevation Models (TauDEM). Available online: http:\/\/hydrology.usu.edu\/taudem\/taudem5\/."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"B\u00f6hner, J., McCloy, K.R., and Strobl, J. (2006). SAGA: Analysis and Modelling Applications, Goltze. Number 115."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.15.4.143","article-title":"Quantile regression","volume":"15","author":"Koenker","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Econ. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.2307\/1939924","article-title":"Spatial autocorrelation: Trouble or new paradigm?","volume":"74","author":"Legendre","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1","article-title":"Caret package","volume":"28","author":"Kuhn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6562","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.102102699","article-title":"Selection bias in gene extraction on the basis of microarray gene-expression data","volume":"99","author":"Ambroise","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.grj.2016.09.001","article-title":"Gully erosion and freeze-thaw processes in clay-rich soils, northeast Tennessee, USA","volume":"9","author":"Barnes","year":"2016","journal-title":"GeoResJ"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(99)00092-6","article-title":"Soil freeze\u2013thaw-induced changes to a simulated rill: Potential impacts on soil erosion","volume":"32","author":"Gatto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9730.2010.00588.x","article-title":"Assessment of erosion, deposition and rill development on irregular soil surfaces using close range digital photogrammetry","volume":"25","author":"Gessesse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4013","article-title":"Insight into sediment transport processes on saline rangeland hillslopes using three-dimensional soil microtopography changes","volume":"42","author":"Nouwakpo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-199207000-00005","article-title":"Effects of crust development and surface slope on erosion by rainfall","volume":"154","author":"Mah","year":"1992","journal-title":"Soil Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/6\/1315\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:33:28Z","timestamp":1760135608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/6\/1315"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14061315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14061315","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]}}}