{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T01:49:38Z","timestamp":1774316978408,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001872","name":"Centre for Industrial Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IDI-20180365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDI-20180365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001872","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The characterization of vineyard soil is a key issue for crop management, which directly affects the quality and yield of grapes. However, traditional laboratory analysis of soil properties is tedious and both time and cost consuming, which is not suitable for precision viticulture. For this reason, a fast and convenient soil characterization technique is needed for soil quality assessment and precision soil management. Here, spectroscopy appears as a suitable alternative to assist laboratory analysis. This work focuses on estimating soil properties by spectroscopy. Our study was carried out using 96 soil samples collected from three vineyards in Rias Baixas Designation of Origen (Galicia, Spain). The soils that were characterized include nitrogen (N), organic matter (OM) and clay content (Clay). The presented work compared two regression techniques (partial least squares (PLSR) and random forest (RF)) and four spectral ranges: visible\u2014VIS (350\u2013700 nm), near infrared\u2014NIR (701\u20131000 nm), short wave infrared\u2014SWIR (1001\u20132500 nm) and VIS-NIR-SWIR (350\u20132500 nm) in order to identify the more suitable prediction models. Moreover, the effect of pre-treatments in reflectance data (smoothing Svitzky\u2013Golay, SG, baseline normalization, BN, first derivative, FD, standard normal variate, SNV, logarithm of 1\/reflectance or spectroscopy (SP) and detrending, SNV-D) was evaluated. Finally, continuous maps of the soil properties were created based on estimated values of regression models. Our results identified PLSR as the best regression technique, with less computation time than RF. The data improved after applying transformation in reflectance data, with the best results from spectroscopy pre-treatment (logarithm of 1\/Reflectance). PLSR performances have obtained determination coefficients (R2) of 0.69, 0.73 and 0.52 for nitrogen, organic matter, and clay, respectively, with acceptable accuracy (RMSE: 0.03, 1.06 and 2.90 %) in a short time. Furthermore, the mapping of soil vineyards generates information of high interest for the precision viticulture management, as well as a comparison between the methodologies used.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T02:10:35Z","timestamp":1646878235000},"page":"1326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Evaluation of Spectroscopy and Methodological Pre-Treatments to Estimate Soil Nutrients in the Vineyard"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Febereiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GI-1716, Proyectos y Planificaci\u00f3n, Departamento Ingenier\u00eda Agroforestal, Escola Polit\u00e9cnica Superior de Enxe\u00f1ar\u00eda, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R\u00faa Benigno Ledo s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Dafonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GI-1716, Proyectos y Planificaci\u00f3n, Departamento Ingenier\u00eda Agroforestal, Escola Polit\u00e9cnica Superior de Enxe\u00f1ar\u00eda, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R\u00faa Benigno Ledo s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Fandi\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GI-1716, Proyectos y Planificaci\u00f3n, Departamento Ingenier\u00eda Agroforestal, Escola Polit\u00e9cnica Superior de Enxe\u00f1ar\u00eda, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R\u00faa Benigno Ledo s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2089-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier J.","family":"Cancela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GI-1716, Proyectos y Planificaci\u00f3n, Departamento Ingenier\u00eda Agroforestal, Escola Polit\u00e9cnica Superior de Enxe\u00f1ar\u00eda, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R\u00faa Benigno Ledo s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7776-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ram\u00f3n","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Geom\u00e1tica e Ingenier\u00eda Cartogr\u00e1fica (GEOINCA), Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Avenida de Astorga s\/n, 24401 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geodrs.2020.e00289","article-title":"Predicting Spatial Variability of Selected Soil Properties Using Digital Soil Mapping in a Rainfed Vineyard of Central Chile","volume":"22","author":"Mashalaba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geoderma Reg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2019.02.019","article-title":"Mapping soil organic matter contents at field level with Cubist, Random Forest and kriging","volume":"342","author":"Pouladi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2003.08.011","article-title":"Evaluation of soil fertility in smallholder agroforestry systems and pastures in western Amazonia","volume":"102","author":"Alfaia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agric. 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