{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T02:52:48Z","timestamp":1781837568195,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A digital twin is a virtual representation of a physical object or process capable of collecting information from the real environment to represent, validate and simulate the physical twin\u2019s present and future behavior. It is a key enabler of data-driven decision making, complex systems monitoring, product validation and simulation and object lifecycle management. As an emergent technology, its widespread implementation is increasing in several domains such as industrial, automotive, medicine, smart cities, etc. The objective of this systematic literature review is to present a comprehensive view on the DT technology and its implementation challenges and limits in the most relevant domains and applications in engineering and beyond.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T02:10:35Z","timestamp":1646878235000},"page":"1335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":733,"title":["Digital Twin Technology Challenges and Applications: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3391-9131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego M.","family":"Bot\u00edn-Sanabria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechatronics Department, School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7670-5777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana-Simona","family":"Mihaita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9472-4509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo E.","family":"Peimbert-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechatronics Department, School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"},{"name":"School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0306-2971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio A.","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechatronics Department, School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5122-507X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo A.","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechatronics Department, School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5536-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge de J.","family":"Lozoya-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechatronics Department, School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., and Thomas, J. (2021). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, John Wiley & Sons. Chapter Part 2: Core Methods."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Botin-Sanabria, D.M., Lozoya-Reyes, J.G., Vargas-Maldonado, R.C., Rodr\u00edguez-Hern\u00e1ndez, K.L., Ram\u00edrez-Mendoza, R.A., Ram\u00edrez-Moreno, M.A., and Lozoya-Santos, J.J. (2021, January 3\u20135). Digital Twin for Urban Spaces: An Application. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Monterrey, Mexico."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"European Commission (2014). Technology Readiness Levels (TRL), European Commission. Extract from Part 19\u2013Commission Decision C(2014)4995."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Denmark, I.F. (2021, October 15). Societal Readiness Levels (SRL) defined according to Innovation Fund Denmark. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/isa2\/sites\/isa\/files\/technology_readiness_revisited_-_icegov2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Evans, S., Savian, C., Burns, A., and Cooper, C. (2021, October 15). Digital Twins for the Built Environment: An Introduction to the Opportunities, Benefits, Challenges and Risks. Built Environmental News, Available online: https:\/\/www.theiet.org\/impact-society\/sectors\/built-environment\/built-environment-news\/digital-twins-for-the-built-environment\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biesinger, F., and Weyrich, M. (2019, January 23\u201326). The Facets of Digital Twins in Production and the Automotive Industry. Proceedings of the 2019 23rd International Conference on Mechatronics Technology (ICMT), Salerno, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMECT.2019.8932101"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2019.10.001","article-title":"Enabling technologies and tools for digital twin","volume":"53","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"20","article-title":"Digital Twins: Details of Implementation: Part 2","volume":"62","author":"Quirk","year":"2020","journal-title":"AHRAE J."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Campos-Ferreira, A., Lozoya-Santos, J.J., Vargas-Mart\u00ednez, A., Mendoza, R., and Morales-Men\u00e9ndez, R. (2019). Digital Twin Applications: A review. Memorias del Congreso Nacional de Control Autom\u00e1tico, Asociaci\u00f3n de M\u00e9xico de Control Autom\u00e1tico."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, M., Fuenmayor, E., Hinchy, E.P., Qiao, Y., Murray, N., and Devine, D. (2021). Digital Twin: Origin to Future. Appl. Syst. Innov., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/asi4020036"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahmen, U., and Rossmann, J. (2018, January 1\u20133). Experimentable Digital Twins for a Modeling and Simulation-based Engineering Approach. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Systems Engineering Symposium (ISSE), Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/SysEng.2018.8544383"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A., Kosasih, E., Zhang, J., Brintrup, A., and Calinescu, A. (2021). Digital Twins: State of the Art Theory and Practice, Challenges, and Open Research Questions. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jii.2022.100383"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"030802","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4050244","article-title":"Digital Twins: Review and Challenges","volume":"21","author":"Juarez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2950507","article-title":"A Feature-Based Framework for Structuring Industrial Digital Twins","volume":"8","author":"Autiosalo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-019-01512-w","article-title":"A state-of-the-art survey of Digital Twin: Techniques, engineering product lifecycle management and business innovation perspectives","volume":"31","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intell. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Ran, Y., Lin, P., Zhou, X., and Wen, Y. (2019). A Survey of Predictive Maintenance: Systems, Purposes and Approaches. Comput. Sci. Eng., Available online: http:\/\/xxx.lanl.gov\/abs\/1912.07383."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Sharma, M., and George, J.P. (2018). Digital Twin in the Automotive Industry: Driving Physical-Digital Convergence, Tata Consultancy Services Limited. TCS White Papers."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32030","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3060863","article-title":"The Role of AI, Machine Learning, and Big Data in Digital Twinning: A Systematic Literature Review, Challenges, and Opportunities","volume":"9","author":"Rathore","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"22","article-title":"Digital twins: Answering the hard questions","volume":"62","author":"Quirk","year":"2020","journal-title":"ASHRAE J."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deloitte Tech Trends 2020","volume":"2020","author":"Briggs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Insights"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanov, S., Nikolskaya, K., Radchenko, G., Sokolinsky, L., and Zymbler, M. (2020, January 17\u201319). Digital Twin of City: Concept Overview. Proceedings of the 2020 Global Smart Industry Conference (GloSIC), Chelyabinsk, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/GloSIC50886.2020.9267879"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40323-020-00147-4","article-title":"How to tell the difference between a model and a digital twin","volume":"7","author":"Wright","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Model. Simul. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dembski, F., Wossner, U., Letzgus, M., Ruddat, M., and Yamu, C. (2020). Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12062307"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"391","article-title":"Digital Twin Framework and Its Application to Power Grid Online Analysis","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"CSSE J. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haiyuan, Y., Dachuan, W., Mengcha, S., and Qi, Y. (2021). Application of Digital Twins in Port System. J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1846.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1846\/1\/012008"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35691","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3061722","article-title":"A Decision Support System for Urban Agriculture Using Digital Twin: A Case Study With Aquaponics","volume":"9","author":"Ghandar","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.17533\/udea.redin.20190407","article-title":"Towards the design and implementation of a Smart City in Bogot\u00e1, Colombia","volume":"93","author":"Guevara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Fac. DeIng. Univ. Antioq."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2021, October 15). Bentley Systems Incorporated. Discover OpenCities Planner\u2013Connect The Data, People, Workflows, and Ideas Necessary to Support Today\u2019s Infrastructure Projects. Report P-18. Available online: https:\/\/www.bentley.com\/es\/products\/brands\/opencities-planner."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tagliabue, L., Cecconi, F., Maltese, S., Rinaldi, S., Ciribini, A., and Flammini, A. (2021). Leveraging Digital Twin for Sustainability Assessment of an Educational Building. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13020480"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2020.1771382","article-title":"Building and Exploiting a Digital Twin for the Managmenet of Drinking Water Distribution Networks","volume":"17","author":"Conejos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Water J."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"02029","article-title":"Development of Digital Twin for Load Center on the Example of Distribution Network of an Urban District","volume":"209","author":"Tomin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2020.103064","article-title":"A digital twin smart city for citizen feedback","volume":"110","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"99","article-title":"The Digital Twin of the City of Zurich for Urban Planning","volume":"88","author":"Schrotter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Geoinf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raes, L., Michiels, P., Adolphi, T., Tampere, C., Dalianis, T., Mcaleer, S., and Kogut, P. (2021). DUET: A Framework for Building Secure and Trusted Digital Twins of Smart Cities. IEEE Internet Comput.","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2021.3060962"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedersen, A., Borup, M., Brink-Kjaer, A., Christiansen, L., and Mikkelsen, P. (2021). Living and Prototyping Digital Twins for Urban Water Systems: Towards Multi-Purpose Value Creation Using Models and Sensors. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13050592"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Microsoft (2022, January 15). What is Azure Digital Twins?. Available online: https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/services\/digital-twins\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Dassault Systemes (2022, January 15). Beyond Digital Twin: Small and Medium-Sized Manufacturers Enjoy Big-Enterprise Benefits and ROI with Virtual Twin Experience on the Cloud. Available online: https:\/\/discover.3ds.com\/beyond-digital-twin."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-VI-4-W1-2020-29-2020","article-title":"Combined Modelling of Multiple Transportation Infrastructure Within 3D City Models and its Implementation in CityGML 3.0","volume":"6","author":"Beil","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nativi, S., Mazzetti, P., and Craglia, M. (2021). Digital Ecosystems for Developing Digital Twins of the Earth: The Destination Earth Case. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112119"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Lee, S., Jain, S., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., and Son, Y.J. (June, January 30). A Multi-Paradigm Simulation for the Implementation of Digital Twins in Surveillance Applications. Proceedings of the 2020 IISE Annual Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcucci, E., Gatta, V., Le-Pira, M., Hansson, L., and Brathen, S. (2020). Digital Twins: A Critical Discussion on Their Potential for Supporting Policy-Making and Planning in Urban Logistics. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su122410623"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.22381\/GHIR12220201","article-title":"Sustainable Urban Governance Networks: Data-driven Planning Technologies and Smart City Software Systems","volume":"12","author":"Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geopolit. Hist. Int. Relations"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirpj.2020.02.002","article-title":"Characterising the Digital Twin: A systematic literature review","volume":"29A","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"CIRP J. Manuf.g Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakdirat, K., Rungskunroch, P., and Welsh, J. (2019). A Digital-Twin Evaluation of Net Zero Energy Building for Existing Buildings. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11010159"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yitmen, I., Alizadehsalehi, S., Akiner, I., and Akiner, M. (2021). An Adapted Model of Cognitive Digital Twins for Building Lifecycle Management. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11094276"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42265","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3065116","article-title":"The Concept of Enterprise BIM: Current Research Practice and Future Trends","volume":"9","author":"Godager","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (2020). ISO 19650-3:2020. Int. Stand. Civ. Eng., 10, Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/75109.html."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, A., Melo, P., Oliveira, M., and Barros, R. (2020, January 15\u201317). The 4-corner model as a synchromodal and digital twin enabler in the transportation sector. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE\/ITMC), Cardiff, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICE\/ITMC49519.2020.9198592"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutierrez-Franco, E., Mejia-Argueta, C., and Rabelo, L. (2021). Data-Driven Methodology to Support Long-Lasting Logistics and Decision Making for Urban Last-Mile Operations. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13116230"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2021.1893970","article-title":"Smart city for sustainable urban freight logistics","volume":"59","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpbup.2021.100014","article-title":"Is Human Digital Twin possible?","volume":"1","author":"Shengli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. Update"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26637","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2971576","article-title":"Human Digital Twin for Fitness Management","volume":"8","author":"Barricelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf3370","article-title":"Using digital twins in viral infection","volume":"371","author":"Laubenbacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105950","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2999871","article-title":"An ISO\/IEEE 11073 Standardized Digital Twin Framework for Health and Well-Being in Smart Cities","volume":"8","author":"Laamarti","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20325","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2897018","article-title":"Prototyping a Digital Twin for Real Time Remote Control Over Mobile Networks: Application of Remote Surgery","volume":"7","author":"Laaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.26599\/TST.2021.9010026","article-title":"Collaborative City Digital Twin for the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Federated Learning Solution","volume":"26","author":"Pang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tsinghua Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49088","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2909828","article-title":"A Novel Cloud-Based Framework for the Elderly Healthcare Services Using Digital Twin","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93462","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2928141","article-title":"Digital Twin-Based Optimization for Ultraprecision Motion Systems With Backlash and Friction","volume":"7","author":"Guerra","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"2405","article-title":"Digital Twin in Industry: State-of-the-Art","volume":"15","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Bottani, E., Assunta, C., Murino, T., and Vespoli, S. (2017, January 19\u201322). From the Cyber-Physical System to the Digital Twin: The process development for behaviour modelling of a Cyber Guided Vehicle in M2M logic. Proceedings of the Conference: XXII Summer School Francesco Turco\u2013Industrial Systems Engineering, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3176\/proc.2021.1.03","article-title":"Implementation of Digital Twins for electrical energy conversion systems in selected case studies","volume":"70","author":"Rassolkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Est. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2021.03.078","article-title":"Advancing digital twin implementation: A toolbox for modelling and simulation","volume":"99","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.03.072","article-title":"Methodology for enabling Digital Twin using advanced physics-based modelling in predictive maintenance","volume":"81","author":"Aivaliotis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyekan, J., Farnsworth, M., Hutabarat, W., Miller, D., and Tiwari, A. (2020). Applying a 6 DoF Robotic Arm and Digital Twin to Automate Fan-Blade Reconditioning for Aerospace Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164637"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8888876","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8888876","article-title":"Digital Twin-based Safety Evaluation of Prestressed Steel Structure","volume":"2020","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114389","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3001686","article-title":"A Digital Twin for Operational Evaluation of Vertical Transportation Systems","volume":"8","author":"Salgado","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111587","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3097179","article-title":"Study on the Construction and Application of Digital Twins on High Voltage Transmission Line Live Working Scenes","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chukhno, O., Chukhno, N., Araniti, G., Campolo, C., Iera, A., and Molinaro, A. (2020). Optimal Placement of Social Digital Twins in Edge IoT Networks. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216181"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merkle, L., Pothig, M., and Schmid, F. (2021). Estimate e-Golf Battery State Using Diagnostic Data and a Digital Twin. Batteries, 7.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202101.0223.v1"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35616","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3061732","article-title":"Next Generation X-in-the-Loop Validation Methodology for Automated Vehicle Systems","volume":"9","author":"Szalay","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Mierlo, J., Berecibar, M., El Baghdadi, M., De Cauwer, C., Messagie, M., Coosemans, T., Jacobs, V., and Hegazy, O. (2021). Beyond the State of the Art of Electric Vehicles: A Fact-Based Paper of the Current and Prospective Electric Vehicle Technologies. World Electr. Veh. J., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj12010020"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyai.2020.100016","article-title":"Battery digital twins: Perspectives on the fusion of models, data and artificial intelligence for smart battery management systems","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy AI"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97384","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3094312","article-title":"Thermal Parameter and State Estimation for Digital Twins of E-Powertrain Components","volume":"9","author":"Sanjurjo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirowzhan, S., Tan, W., and Sepasgozar, S. (2020). Digital Twin and CyberGIS for Improving Connectivity and Measuring the Impact of Infrastructure Construction Planning in Smart Cities. Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9040240"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Oracle (2018). Developing Applications with Oracle Internet of Things Cloud Service: Digital Twins. Oracle, Available online: https:\/\/docs.oracle.com\/en\/cloud\/paas\/iot-cloud\/iotgs\/oracle-iot-digital-twin-implementation.html."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.07.198","article-title":"A review of the roles of Digital Twin in CPS-based production systems","volume":"11","author":"Negri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2020.3046525","article-title":"A Connective Framework to Support the Lifecycle of Cyber\u2013Physical Production Systems","volume":"109","author":"Harrison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tavakolibasti, M., Meszmer, P., Bottger, G., Kettelgerdes, M., Elger, G., Erdogan, H., Seshaditya, A., and Wunderle, B. (2021, January 19\u201321). Thermo-mechanical-optical coupling within a digita twin development for automotive LIDAR. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Thermal, Mechanical and Multi-Physics Simulation and Experiments in Microelectronics and Microsystems (EuroSimE), St. Julian, Malta.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSimE52062.2021.9410831"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2021.3055683","article-title":"The Economics of Digital Twins","volume":"54","author":"Kshetri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, R., and Da Silva, A. (2021). Sustainability Requirements of Digital Twin-Based Systems: A Meta Systematic Literature Review. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11125519"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Koturwar, P., Girase, S., and Mukhopadhyay, D. (2015). A Survey of Classification Techniques in the Area of Big Data. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orozco-Messana, J., Iborra-Lucas, M., and Calabuig-Moreno, R. (2021). Neighbourhood Modelling for Urban Sustainability Assessment. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13094654"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, B., Chang, R., Zhang, J., Sun, H., Luan, W., and Li, N. (2021). Research on BIM Technology in Smart City. J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1904.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1904\/1\/012032"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"72","article-title":"Digital Twin Architecture and Standards","volume":"12","author":"Harper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Internet Consort. J. Innov."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/6\/1335\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:33:56Z","timestamp":1760135636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/6\/1335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14061335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14061335","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]}}}